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AS level chemistry > how new drugs are made > Flashcards

how new drugs are made Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the flow chart to drug discovery?

A 
1- collection+ preparation sample
2-extraction
3- fractionation+ isolation
4- purification
5- structural elucidation
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2
Q

what is an example of a sample?

A

stem, leaves and animal parts

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3
Q

outline the collection+ preparation of sample

A

1-samples such as leaves or stems can be collected
2-the samples collected need to be identified and classified
3-samples need to be prepared

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4
Q

how are plants/animals classified?

A

through the genus, species and family name

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5
Q

how are plants prepared?

A

1- drying

2-grinding

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6
Q

what are 2 ways to dry a sample

A

1-freeze-dryer
2- speed vacuum
3- rotatory evaporator

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7
Q

what is extraction?

A

treatment of animals or plant tissue with solvents, where active constituents are dissolved and inert materials remain insoluble

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8
Q

what are the 2 categories of extraction?

A

1- solid-liquid extraction

2- liquid-liquid extraction

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9
Q

what is an example of an easy solid-liquid extraction?

A

maceration

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10
Q

what are the steps of maceration?

A

1- grind plant material and add solvent to it
2- allow plant material and solvent to soak
3- filter and obtain the filtrate
4- evaporate the filtrate to obtain crude extract

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11
Q

why is not effective to use crude extract for treatment?

A

the active constituents are not concentrated

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12
Q

describe fractionation and isolation

A

the extract is separated into different fractions of the type of compound [eg: polar compounds] via chromatography techniques

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13
Q

describe purification

A

once each fraction is collected, it can be purified further

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14
Q

what are 3 methods of chromatography?

A

1- column chromatography
2- high performance liquid chromatography
3- paper chromatography
4-thin-layer chromatography

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15
Q

what guides the process of obtaining a drug?

A

bioassay

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16
Q

what is bioassay?

A

determination of the relative strength of a substance (as a drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation.

17
Q

what is structural elucidation?

A

process of determining the chemical structure of a compound by the study of different aspects

18
Q

what detects the functional group?

A

infrared radiation

19
Q

what detects the class of the active compounds?

A

UV-radiation

20
Q

what is an example of a class of a compound?

A

1-carboxylic acid

2- alcohol

21
Q

what detects the structural skeleton of a compound?

A

nuclear magnetic resonance

22
Q

what determines the molecular weight of a compound?

A

mass spectrometry

23
Q

what is pre-clinical trials?

A

1-testing on animals such as rabbits and rats[in vivo]

2- testing on cells and molecule[in vitro]

24
Q

what are the 3 main goals of pre-clinical trials?

A

1-discover different doses and concentration to use
2- ensure it is safe for humas by
3- testing the effectiveness of the drug on the target

25
Q

what is clinical trials?

A

testing on humans which consist of 3 phases[in vivo]

26
Q

describe phase 1 of clinical trials

A

1-phase 1 consist of testing on less than 100 healthy volunteers
2- the purpose is to determine how the drug spread’s around in the body

27
Q

describe phase 2 of clinical trials

A

1- consist of hundreds of healthy volunteers
2- purpose is to
: see if the medicine is effective
: check number of doses required

28
Q

describe phase 3 of clinical trials

A

1- consists of thousands of healthy volunteers

2- focuses on overall safety and effectiveness

29
Q

describe the FDA review and manufacturing

A

1-the whole process of drug discover and development is documented and send to FDA for approval
2- after approval, the company can begin making the drug
3- the drug is released to the market
4-FDA continues to monitor the drug

30
Q

what are classifications of drugs?

A

1-natural drugs
2- semi-synthetic drugs
3-synthetic drugs

31
Q

what are natural drugs?

A

isolated from plants or animals

32
Q

give 2 examples of natural drug

A

1- frog skin used in antibiotic production
2- tea tree oil
3- turmeric

33
Q

what are semi-synthetic drugs?

A

isolated from animals or plants and chemically modified such as the modification of functional group

34
Q

what is an example of semi-synthetic drug

A

Apomorphine

35
Q

what are synthetic drugs?

A

completely synthesized in the lab

36
Q

what is an example of synthetic drugs?

A

aspirin

37
Q

define in vivo and in vitro

A

In vivo
-refers to when research or work is done with or within an entire, living organism.

In vitro
- is used to describe work that’s performed outside of a living organism

AS level chemistry (9 decks)

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