how new drugs are made

Question 1

what is the flow chart to drug discovery?

Answer 1

1- collection+ preparation sample
2-extraction
3- fractionation+ isolation
4- purification
5- structural elucidation

Question 2

what is an example of a sample?

Answer 2

stem, leaves and animal parts

Question 3

outline the collection+ preparation of sample

Answer 3

1-samples such as leaves or stems can be collected
2-the samples collected need to be identified and classified
3-samples need to be prepared

Question 4

how are plants/animals classified?

Answer 4

through the genus, species and family name

Question 5

how are plants prepared?

Answer 5

1- drying

2-grinding

Question 6

what are 2 ways to dry a sample

Answer 6

1-freeze-dryer
2- speed vacuum
3- rotatory evaporator

Question 7

what is extraction?

Answer 7

treatment of animals or plant tissue with solvents, where active constituents are dissolved and inert materials remain insoluble

Question 8

what are the 2 categories of extraction?

Answer 8

1- solid-liquid extraction

2- liquid-liquid extraction

Question 9

what is an example of an easy solid-liquid extraction?

Answer 9

maceration

Question 10

what are the steps of maceration?

Answer 10

1- grind plant material and add solvent to it
2- allow plant material and solvent to soak
3- filter and obtain the filtrate
4- evaporate the filtrate to obtain crude extract

Question 11

why is not effective to use crude extract for treatment?

Answer 11

the active constituents are not concentrated

Question 12

describe fractionation and isolation

Answer 12

the extract is separated into different fractions of the type of compound [eg: polar compounds] via chromatography techniques

Question 13

describe purification

Answer 13

once each fraction is collected, it can be purified further

Question 14

what are 3 methods of chromatography?

Answer 14

1- column chromatography
2- high performance liquid chromatography
3- paper chromatography
4-thin-layer chromatography

Question 15

what guides the process of obtaining a drug?

Answer 15

bioassay

Question 16

what is bioassay?

Answer 16

determination of the relative strength of a substance (as a drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation.

Question 17

what is structural elucidation?

Answer 17

process of determining the chemical structure of a compound by the study of different aspects

Question 18

what detects the functional group?

Answer 18

infrared radiation

Question 19

what detects the class of the active compounds?

Answer 19

UV-radiation

Question 20

what is an example of a class of a compound?

Answer 20

1-carboxylic acid

2- alcohol

Question 21

what detects the structural skeleton of a compound?

Answer 21

nuclear magnetic resonance

Question 22

what determines the molecular weight of a compound?

Answer 22

mass spectrometry

Question 23

what is pre-clinical trials?

Answer 23

1-testing on animals such as rabbits and rats[in vivo]

2- testing on cells and molecule[in vitro]

Question 24

what are the 3 main goals of pre-clinical trials?

Answer 24

1-discover different doses and concentration to use
2- ensure it is safe for humas by
3- testing the effectiveness of the drug on the target

Question 25

what is clinical trials?

Answer 25

testing on humans which consist of 3 phases[in vivo]

Question 26

describe phase 1 of clinical trials

Answer 26

1-phase 1 consist of testing on less than 100 healthy volunteers
2- the purpose is to determine how the drug spread’s around in the body

Question 27

describe phase 2 of clinical trials

Answer 27

1- consist of hundreds of healthy volunteers
2- purpose is to
: see if the medicine is effective
: check number of doses required

Question 28

describe phase 3 of clinical trials

Answer 28

1- consists of thousands of healthy volunteers

2- focuses on overall safety and effectiveness

Question 29

describe the FDA review and manufacturing

Answer 29

1-the whole process of drug discover and development is documented and send to FDA for approval
2- after approval, the company can begin making the drug
3- the drug is released to the market
4-FDA continues to monitor the drug

Question 30

what are classifications of drugs?

Answer 30

1-natural drugs
2- semi-synthetic drugs
3-synthetic drugs

Question 31

what are natural drugs?

Answer 31

isolated from plants or animals

Question 32

give 2 examples of natural drug

Answer 32

1- frog skin used in antibiotic production
2- tea tree oil
3- turmeric

Question 33

what are semi-synthetic drugs?

Answer 33

isolated from animals or plants and chemically modified such as the modification of functional group

Question 34

what is an example of semi-synthetic drug

Answer 34

Apomorphine

Question 35

what are synthetic drugs?

Answer 35

completely synthesized in the lab

Question 36

what is an example of synthetic drugs?

Answer 36

aspirin

Question 37

define in vivo and in vitro

Answer 37

In vivo
-refers to when research or work is done with or within an entire, living organism.

In vitro
- is used to describe work that’s performed outside of a living organism