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How has psychology developed over time? Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the order of studies in social?

A
  1. Authoritarian personality
  2. Realistic conflict theory
  3. Agency theory
  4. Social identity theory
  5. Social impact theory
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2
Q

What is authoritarian personality?

A
  • It is where there was conditional love and harsh parenting for the parents which leads to cold, destructive and superior behaviour from the child
  • This was often seen in WW2 which triggered psychologists to look at the soldiers and why they obeyed
  • It is proposed by Adorno and is measured by the F-scale
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3
Q

What is realistic conflict theory?

A
  • It is the competition over limited resources
  • It talks about outgrip hostility, negative interdependence, superordinate goals
  • It provides a solution to reduce prejudice
  • Shows that prejudice can also be situational and not only about personality
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4
Q

What is Agency theory?

A
  • The agent state is where we are acting under someones command and therefore we are more obedient because there is no responsibility
  • The agentic shift is where you are switching from an autonomous state to an agentic state
  • The autonomous state is where you are acting on your own free will and therefore have full responsibility for you actions
  • Moral strain Is where you act against your own beliefs which leads to some anxiety over it
  • binding factors and what leads you to complete destructive obedience even if they are against your morals
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5
Q

Why is agency theory better than authoritarian personality?

A

Because it shows the moral side of it and shows the situational factors of obedience as well

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6
Q

What is social identity theory?

A
  • This is where there are in-groups and outgroups but no competition
  • It describes how we become part of our in-group through the processes of social categorisation, identification and classification
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7
Q

Why is it better than realistic conflict theory?

A
  • It is better because it shows how prejudice is not always due to competition
  • It also tells us the role of self-esteem from in-groups that we belong to and how this can lead to prejudice
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8
Q

What is social impact theory?

A
  • This refers to the effect of strength, immediacy and number of obedience
  • Also explains the law of diminishing return, the divisional effect and the multiplicative effect and the impact this has on the obedience of targets
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9
Q

Why is this better than Agency theory?

A

It is better than Agency theory because it is quantitative research and therefore easier to measure and analyse

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10
Q

What are the different theories in cognitive psychology?

A
  1. Reconstructive memory
  2. The MSM
  3. Tulving’s model of long term memory
  4. The WMM
  5. episodic buffer added
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11
Q

What is reconstructive memory?

A
  • It states that memories are only reconstructions and not reproductions
  • We store pieces of information and piece them together when trying to recall a memory and then we fill in any gaps with past experiences
  • Involves schema theory
  • The war of the ghosts story helped to suggest this
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12
Q

What is the MSM?

A
  • The MSM includes the SM, the STM and the LTM
  • It includes the encoding, duration and capacity of the 3 sections and how information is moved throughout the model
  • It is better that reconstructive memory because you can reliably test the different stores
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13
Q

What is the long term memory model?

A
  • This explains the LTM and the differences and role that the semantic memory and the episodic memory have
  • The procedural memory starts implicit and then does explicit
  • It is better than the MSM because the LTM is no longer a unitary store and it shows that the LTM does actually have more than one store that process information differently
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14
Q

What is the WMM?

A
  • This includes the central executive, the phonological loop, the Visio - spatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer
  • It is better than the MSM because the STM is no longer a unitary store and it shows that the STM does actually have more than one store that process information differently
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15
Q

When was the episodic buffer added?

A
  • The episodic buffer was added in 2000
  • This better explains how the information from the STM is integrated with the information from the LTM
  • It chunks things better on STM better
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16
Q

What are the different stores in Biological?

A
  1. Freud
  2. Limbic system
  3. Neurotransmitters
  4. Amygdala
  5. Hormones
  6. OFC (orbital frontal cortex)

+ Evolution at the beginning

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17
Q

What is Freud?

A
  • Freud explains the psychodynamic theory
  • It explains the ID, ego and superego and looks at the pleasure, reality and morality principle
  • It also explains and looks at the benefits of catharsis
  • It acknowledges that children develop over time
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18
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • This includes the amygdala (but this wasn’t included till after), the hippocampus and the hypothalamus
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19
Q

Why is it better than Freud?

A
  • It is better than Freud because it can be directly tested and we can collect quantitative data on it through the use of post mortals and animal studies
  • It objectively measures structural differences
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20
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A
  • There is dopamine which is inhibitory
  • There is serotonin which is excitatory
  • The mode of action is the way that it effects and its impact on synapses
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21
Q

Why is it better than the limbic system?

A

It is better than the limbic system as it gives us a treatment strategy e.g. chemotherapy

22
Q

What is the amygdala?

A
  • The right hand side is related to impulse and aggression and increases it
  • The left hand side inhibits the aggressive impulses from the right side
  • People with more activity from the right are more aggressive as it inhibited less
23
Q

Why is it better than the limbic system alone?

A

It is more specific about the functions on the brain and therefore it is less reductionist

24
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • Testosterone = high levels lead to aggression
  • We see this through Wagner who castrated mice and found that they were placid after castration
  • Dabbs and Hargrove = saliva in women prison
  • Cortisol = protects the body from stress and therefore in low levels there is more of an effect
  • The dual hormone hypothesis
25
Q

Why is this better than the limbic system and brain structure?

A
  • This is better because it is easier to treat and adjust hormone levels but you cannot adjust brain structure
26
Q

What is the OFC?

A
  • The OFC includes the PFC and looks at impulse control and inhibiting the aggressive messages from the amygdala
27
Q

Why is it better than the rest?

A
  • Because it provides more details about the brain and functioning and shows the decision making part of the brain and how this affects us
28
Q

What are the studies in learning theories?

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Social learning theory
  4. Treatments
29
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A
  • This involves the pairing of the UCS (which produces the UCR without learning) with the NS to make produce the UCR which is now the CR and the NS is now called the CS
  • It also involves the processes of stimulus generalisation, spontaneous recovery and extinction
  • PAVLOV
30
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • This looks at the effect os positive and negative reinforcement and punishment on behaviour
  • Positive is adding something (pleasant or unpleasant)
  • Negative is removing something pleasant or unpleasant)
  • Reinforcement is making the behaviour more likely
  • Punishment is making the behaviour less likely
  • SKINNERS RATS
31
Q

Why is it better than classical conditioning?

A
  • Because it shows how behaviours have been maintained so it is better than CC
  • It explains more behaviours than CC
32
Q

What is social learning theory?

A
  • Looks at reproduction, motivation, attention and retention
  • It also looks at modelling, vicarious reinforcement and imitation
33
Q

Why is it better than CC and OC?

A
  • It is better than both because it talks about motivation
34
Q

Where do we see development over time in clinical?

A
  • Both the DSM and the ICD have been revised multiple times in response to criticism about reliability and validity
35
Q

Why does each one keep getting better?

A
  • It means that they will now be able to give a more reliable and useful diagnosis
  • This will in turn lead to more appropriate treatment
36
Q

What research methods were used in Sherif?

A

The research method used was a field experiment. This as a research method has been used to examine human behaviour for a considerable amount of time.
We still use them however because they have good ecological validity and people are more likely to behave naturally as they are in their natural environment

37
Q

Was the topic being explored at the same time by there researchers? if so, who?

A

Sherif is the first to investigate causes of prejudice. This is therefore giving us new insight on human behaviour.

38
Q

Are the findings still relevant today? If so how?

A

His findings are still relevant today because prejudice is still around and still based on limited resources
There are some parties that create prejudice by using propaganda

39
Q

Did the finding lead to a theory?

A

This classic study enabled the development of realistic conflict theory

40
Q

What research methods were used in Baddeley?

A

The research method used was a laboratory experiment, which has been used for psychological research since about the 1850s (a considerable amount of time).
We still use them however because they have good internal validity, and which makes them easily replicated

41
Q

Was the topic being explored at the same time by there researchers? if so, who?

A

Baddeley was the first to investigate how the stores of the MSM were encoded, giving us new insight into human memory.

42
Q

Are the findings still relevant today?

A

His findings are still relevant today because it is still believed that the STM is encoded acoustically and that the LTM is encoded semantically

43
Q

Did the findings lead to a theory? If so, which?

A

This classic study enabled the development of the working memory model

44
Q

What research methods were used in Raine?

A

The research method used was PET scans which is a relatively new research method. We use them because they allow us to see the brain while the brain is alive (unlike post-mortems) and active/working (unlike the still images of a CAT scan)

45
Q

Was the topic being explored at the same time by there researchers? if so, who?

A

He was the first to look into the differences in brain structure of murderers pleading NGRI

46
Q

Are the findings still relevant today? If so, how?

A

His findings are still relevant today because brain structure is still a consideration in NGRI’s and more research into the subject has come as a result of this.

47
Q

Did the findings lead to a theory?

A

These findings led to the theory of the amygdala having an impact on aggression and behaviour.

48
Q

Was the topic being explored at the same time by there researchers? if so, who?

A

The research method used was observation. This is a research method that has been used to examine human behaviour for a considerable amount of time.
We still use them however because quantitative and qualitative data can be collected, and they are easily replicated with the same observation schedule

49
Q

Was the topic being explored at the same time by there researchers? if so, who?

A

They were not the first to look at classical condition as Pavlov was, however, they were the first to see if you could classically condition a phobia in a child

50
Q

Are the findings still relevant today? If so how?

A

Their findings are still relevant today because they still explain how phobias are acquired using classical conditioning.

51
Q

Did the findings lead to a theory? If so which?

A

Their findings contributed to the theory of the acquisition of phobias by Mowrer in 1960

52
Q

How has Rosenhan developed over time?

A
  • Still used to show the dangers of labelling through diagnosis
  • It has practical relevance to those working in the field of mental health and to clinicians diagnosing using a classification system
  • Diagnosis does not rest on just one symptom

Psychology (10 decks)

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