How far do you agree that poor relief in the years 1834-70 evidenced a more positive concern for the well-being of society?

Question 1

What should you remember for this question?

Answer 1

To Consider the motives for every change that was made.

Question 2

What are the four factors that need to be discussed?

Answer 2

PLAA
Andover and Huddersfield
Growth of Charity, philanthropism and self-help
Other government laws

Question 3

When was the PLAA?

Answer 3

1834

Question 4

What is the utilitarian principle upon which the PLAA was based?

Answer 4

Less eligibility

Question 5

what is less eligibility and what does it mean for the question?

Answer 5

The utilitarian principal that deliberately made poor relief harsh so that only the most destitute and those truly unable to help themselves would apply for it
shows that government weren’t concerned about the well being of the poorest in society in the early part of the time period

Question 6

what central authority was established for the PLAA?

Answer 6

Poor Law commission

Question 7

What did the PL commission oversee the transformation of 15 000 parishes into?

Answer 7

600 larger ones to allow them to share workhouses

Question 8

Fundamentally what did the PLAA discourage?

Answer 8

outdoor relief for the able bodied poor

Question 9

Thanks to the PLAA, what became the principle way to effect relief?

Answer 9

Workhouses

Question 10

From what view did the rationale for workhouses being the principle way to effect come?

Answer 10

The indolence view

Question 11

What did the indolence view believe?

Answer 11

It was believed that systems such as Speenhamland had made it too easy to get support and even allowed people to manipulate support for personal gain.

Question 12

How many hours’ work a day in a workhouse after the PLAA?

Answer 12

10

Question 13

Where were inmates were made to break stones for use in road building?

Answer 13

Guildford workhouse

Question 14

Which workhouse where ran a woollen interest which made the inmates operate each of the processes involved with the manufacture of textiles?

Answer 14

Newbury workhouse in berkshire

Question 15

Which workhouse under who banned the use of beer, snuff or tobacco?

Answer 15

Southwell workhouse under Reverend Thomas Becher

Question 16

What was the basic diet and what would inmates get once a week?

Answer 16

Basic diet of bread, cheese and gruel and once a weak soup, meat and potatoes

Question 17

What was a privilege only for the elderly in workhouses?

Answer 17

Tea

Question 18

What did prisoners wear?

Answer 18

uniform

Question 19

Who were separated?

Answer 19

men and women

Question 20

The resistance to the New Poor Law from which group was not from genuine concern for the population, but because of what?

Answer 20

the growing northern industry offered a cyclical degree of employment to which the permanency of the workhouse solution was ill-suited

Question 21

The resistance form which humanitarian campaigner suggest a growing concern from Northern society about the poor?

Answer 21

Nevertheless the resistance from notable humanitarian campaigner Oastler suggests a greater concern within northern society.

Question 22

The growth in middle-class affluence gave rise to a stronger feeling of what related to charity?

Answer 22

a stronger feeling of Christian charity which consequently informed the newfound interest in the poor

Question 23

What did the new middle classes who were interested in the poor focus on?

Answer 23

These people focussed on alleviating the greater discomforts of poverty by supplementing the basic provision of the Poor Law Board.

Question 24

Who is the notable female philanthropist who needs to be talked about?

Answer 24

Angelina Burdett Coutts

Question 25

What did Angelina Burdett Coutts to become the richest woman in England?

Answer 25

£1.8 million

Question 26

what did Angelina Burdett Coutts’ family make their money in?

Answer 26

Banking

Question 27

How did Angelina Burdett Coutts show an interest in poor children?

Answer 27

She tried to given them opportunity by finding them employment in the military

Question 28

What did Angelina Burdett Coutts co-found and with who did she do this?

Answer 28

With Charles Dickens she co-founded a hospital for poor women in 1847 called Urania for those who had turned to prostitution

Question 29

What person could you talk about along with Angelina Burdett Coutts as a middle class female philanthropist?

Answer 29

Christina rossetti

Question 30

What did Angelina Burdett Coutts fund for Britain’s poorest children?

Answer 30

Education projects

Question 31

What was Angelina Burdett Coutts’ basic purpose for the poor?

Answer 31

furnish the poor with the skills that they might need to get themselves out of poverty and alleviate the continued existence of pauperism in society

Question 32

What did the workhouse visiting society do and for what did this allow?

Answer 32

Collected information on the lives of the poor, allowing a much more formal approach to private relief to be organised.

Question 33

The workhouse visiting society backed up philanthropic work with what?

Answer 33

Solid statistics

Question 34

What is the name of the medical journal that investigated the quality of medical care in London workhouses?

Answer 34

The Lancet

Question 35

In what was the concept of self-help founded?

Answer 35

industrialisation

Question 36

Why was self-help founded in industrialisation?

Answer 36

entrepreneurial men achieved great wealth as a result of their own effort

Question 37

The re-emphasis of self help in the mid-19th century was in response to what?

Answer 37

The continuing high levels of pauperism and a desire to place the responsibility for that in the hands of the paupers rather than in the hands of the state

Question 38

For what two things did the poor have a reputation that led to the state advocating self-hep?

Answer 38

Indolence and drink

Question 39

Who was one of the founding figures of the Charity Organisation Society and when was this?

Answer 39

1869 Helena Bosanquet

Question 40

What was the purpose of the 1869 Charity Organisation Society?

Answer 40

served to assess people into the categories of deserving and undeserving poor, and so to limit the relief given out by employers

Question 41

Who did the Charity Organisation society aim to help and who did they not aim to help?

Answer 41

It aimed to not help everyone, but to ensure that the ‘deserving’ got back on their feet.

Question 42

What were the Charity Organisation society not concerned with?

Answer 42

The concern was not one of the poor’s well being, but a concern that welfare was only targeted to the most ‘deserving’.

Question 43

Of what is the existence of the charity organisation society indicative?

Answer 43

Its existence was indicative of a belief in society that poor relief was actually increasing poor people’s dependancy on the state.

Question 44

What did the Charity organisation society serve to demonstrate about the voices and sentiment behind less eligibility?

Answer 44

It served to demonstrate that the voices and sentiment behind the ‘less eligibility doctrine’ were still distinctly prominent in society.

Question 45

What is the one positive of the Charity organisation society?

Answer 45

for the deserving poor, the Charity Organisation Society did have a much more objective, rational approach to administering poor relief.

Question 46

How could the motivation for modern philanthropy be said to be something other than genuine concern for the poor?

Answer 46

an opportunity for affluent women to participate in public affairs despite restrictive attitudes that existed around women

Question 47

When was philanthropy an opportunity for affluent women to participate in public affairs despite restrictive attitudes that existed around women particularly true?

Answer 47

This was particularly true in the 1850s where the motivation was down to a wish to participate in society more fully.

Question 48

What is the other government law in 1842?

Answer 48

Outdoor Labour Test Order

Question 49

What are the other government laws in 1844 and 52?

Answer 49

Attempts to reduce the availability of Outdoor poor relief in the form of the outdoor relief prohibitory order and the outdoor relief regulation order

Question 50

What is the other government law in 1867?

Answer 50

Metropolitan Poor act

Question 51

What did the 1842 outdoor labour test order do?

Answer 51

formally allowing the use of outdoor relief for able-bodied workers during times of economic decline, despite the PLAA prohibiting it

Question 52

Though it might not be, how could the 1842 outdoor labour test order be evidence of a society that was not concerned with the welfare of the poor and was instead concerned with something else?

Answer 52

Arguably this was not so much evidence of an increased concern for the poor, though that was the implication, but a practical consideration to address cyclical unemployment in some cases.

Question 53

Attempts to reduce the availability of Outdoor poor relief in 1844 and 1852 were often met with what and why?

Answer 53

vehement opposition from local boards who felt that their discretionary power was being infringed upon by the state

Question 54

Attempts to reduce the availability of Outdoor poor relief in 1844 and 1852 were often met with vehement opposition from local boards who felt that their discretionary power was being infringed upon by the state. What does this show?

Answer 54

This shows that whilst the national government’s opinion may have been absent of any concern, this perhaps hides real local concern.

Question 55

What did the 1867 metropolitan poor act do?

Answer 55

Demanded that medical facilities be separate from the workhouse itself and provided for the creation of the Metropolitan Asylum Board that took over the responsibility of caring for the sick paupers.

Question 56

What were the two implications of the 1867 metropolitan poor act?

Answer 56

These advances paved the way for more specialised care of the sick but also began to modernise the system of general poor relief.

Question 57

What was the motivation behind the 1867 metropolitan poor act?

Answer 57

The motivation behind this was certainly to make relief more effective, and was a more conciliatory approach which involved talking to Paupers and marked a departure for poor relief.

Question 58

Rather than treating them as the problem that needed solving, what did the 1867 metropolitan poor act do?

Answer 58

Began to involve the poor themselves in finding solutions to the problems

Question 59

What did the 1844 Outdoor relief regulation order do?

Answer 59

effectively brought an end to the provision of outdoor relief

Question 60

What did the 1852 Outdoor Relief Regulation Order do?

Answer 60

limited the availability of outdoor relief to such a great extent that even the sick and the infirm struggled to get any outdoor relief.

Question 61

What did the 1852 outdoor relief regulation order encapsulate?

Answer 61

This perhaps encapsulates the extent to which government did not have a genuine concern for the Poor’s welfare as it was against the sick and venerable

Question 62

Which newspaper and which editor criticised the Andover workhouse scandal?

Answer 62

John Walter at the times

Question 63

Give a judgement for the Huddersfield and Andover workhouse scandals

Answer 63

Whilst the actual existence of these events was symptomatic of a society that was not concerned with their poorest, the scrutiny and outrage that they afterwards created ensured that the consequence of them was a greater social interest in the well-being of society.

Question 64

When was andover?

Answer 64

1845

Question 65

When was Huddersfield?

Answer 65

1848

Question 66

when was Andover established?

Answer 66

1836

Question 67

Who was the master of the house at Andover?

Answer 67

Colin McDougal

Question 68

What did the Andover workhouse have a notorious reputation for?

Answer 68

Discipline

Question 69

What was the two workhouses symptoms of?

Answer 69

A government which did not care about its citizens welfare

Question 70

What had the abuse at Andover influenced?

Answer 70

The abuse of Andover had gone some way to softening society’s views and created a growing sense of responsibility towards the poor.

Question 71

As a result of the scandals, who published what and when did he publish it?

Answer 71

Henry Mayhew 1849 London Labour and the London Poor

Question 72

What did Henry Mayhew 1849 say in his London Labour and the London Poor and what belief did this challenge?

Answer 72

it was poor wages that produced pauperism because they were insufficient to protect the recipients from unforeseen fluctuations in the economy. This challenged the belief that idleness was the real cause of poverty.

Question 73

What was dissolved following Andover and what replaced it?

Answer 73

Poor Law Commission was dissolved following Andover and replaced with a Poor Law Board

Question 74

The creation of a Poor Law Board staffed with notable cabinet members signalled what?

Answer 74

which signalled relief brought more closely under government control.

Question 75

when was the workhouse visiting society established?

Answer 75

1858

Question 76

what did the workhouse visiting society do?

Answer 76

undertook checks on workhouses, the information that they collated through doing this agitated better treatment of the sick and elderly.

Question 77

What happened despite the scandals?

Answer 77

Despite the scandals, a further 100 workhouses were built between 1851 and 1866 to augment the 402 which had been constructed immediately after 1834.

Question 78

What did the ANDOVER regime epitomise?

Answer 78

The belief in deterrence

Question 79

What purpose built things did the Andover workhouse have?

Answer 79

Cells

Question 80

Who were separated in Andover?

Answer 80

Women and children

Question 81

what would be crushed in Andover for fertiliser?

Answer 81

Bones

Question 82

People were so hungry in andover that they would do what two things to the animals bones that they were meant to be breaking?

Answer 82

Break them open and have the marrow and eat any scraps of meat left on them to subsidise their diet

Question 83

Subsistence levels of food in Andover did what to the Board of Guardians and why?

Answer 83

It kept them happy because it kept the poor rate low

Question 84

What is indicative of the extent of the cruelty of the Andover workhouse?

Answer 84

Indicative of the extent of the cruelty was that between 1837 and 1846, 61 paupers were sent to prison for having deliberately committed offences to escape the institution.

Question 85

Following what in 1848 Huddersfield was exposed as being especially poor at caring for its inmates?

Answer 85

Typhus outbreak

Question 86

What is the horrible fact about Huddersfield?

Answer 86

People had to share lice ridden beds with dead bodies for up to 9 weeks