How far did changes in agricultural techniques and investment impact on the eco Flashcards

1
Q

What was a major change to the structure of rural life?

A

Enclosure

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2
Q

Enclosure was nothing new, but it… in the 17th century.

A

intensified

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3
Q

Enclosure involved consolidating… into… which would then be reserved for…

A

scattered holdings
blocks of land
the sole use of a single landowner (or tenant)

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4
Q

How did enclosure benefit crop production?

A

It ensured crop production wasn’t unnecessarily duplicated as fewer rivals would exist in each region.

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5
Q

Who protested against enclosure?

A

small landowners and those peasants who’s suffer if the common land was no longer accessible.

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6
Q

Why did the government do nothing to restrict enclosure despite protests?

A

these protests were small and it was difficult to deny that enclosure led to improved agricultural efficiency.

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7
Q

There were a number of counties where enclosure wasn’t… , such as… which were also very successful areas of…

A

widespread
Oxfordshire
agricultural innovation

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8
Q

Was enclosure something new?

A

been common in the medievel period to enclose common land in order to stimulate wool production but this shit increased in 17th century

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9
Q

There was a new awareness that, in order to run an efficient farm, … , reducing the number of… , and also that crops should be..

(Frming techniques)

A

as much land as possible should be utilised
fields left fallow
selected based on their suitability to different soil types.

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10
Q

Why was enclosure instrumental in allowing new techniques to be used, which led to improvements in crop rotation?

A

After enclosure, more fields were generally available for rotation, which led to better yields.

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11
Q

Give figures to show that the number of fields left fallow had reduced dramatically by the Stuart period.

A

In 1420, just over 7 million acres were given to arable farming with 3 million left fallow. This increased to 9 million acres in 1700, with 1.8 million left fallow.

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12
Q

Much of the work needed to improve irrigation and cultivate new crops was carried out by Dutch immigrants. Give an example of their importance in improving agriculture.

A

Cornelius Vermuyden was commissioned to drain the fens of East Anglia after being knighted by Charles I for similar work in Lincolnshire.

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13
Q

How did industry benefit from crop rotation?

A

Crops that aided industry benefited from crop rotation.

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14
Q

Give three examples of crops that aided industry that benefited from crop rotation.

A

flax for the manufacture of linen, hemp for rope-making and hops for brewing beer.

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15
Q

increased literacy rates mean?

A

after 1600 meant that more yeomen and husbandmen were able to make use of books.

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16
Q

what new crops

A

New nitrogen rich cops such as clover were also used to provide nutrients to soil

17
Q

new crops were introduced to Britain in the 17th Century?

A

Artichokes, asparagus, and clover.

18
Q

New techniques helped to increase the quality of food and amount = why was this essential?

A

essential in proviing enough food for growing urban population e.g london. + Meant there was enough fodder for animals.

19
Q

How did miration from holland help improve farming techniques?

A

Helped with draining land

20
Q

How did water meadows work?

A

By diverting water from a nearby stream or river to a field.

21
Q

What was the aim of water meadows?

A

To provide soil that was always damp, thus reducing chances of frost in early spring and encouraging grass to grow earlier.

22
Q

How did animal agriculture benefit from water meadows?

A

They ensured animals were well-fed throughout the next winter.

23
Q

Figures on the number of water meadows are difficult to… , although contemporaries noted that their use…

A

come by

expanded dramatically in the 17th century

24
Q

Water meadows enabled farmers to maintain more… , and breeds of sheep that produced… , could now be…

A

animals
wool
selected and intensively bred for the cloth industry.

25
Q

With new agricultural techniques came a new appreciation for the fact that…

A

different regions could specialise in types of farming more suited to their local conditions.