How can genetics benefit aquaculture? II Flashcards
what is the biggest cost in aquaculture?
feed
what are two types of fish feeds and what are some of the problems?
-Fresh/frozen natural food.
-Artificial diet (some juveniles require live food).
Problems
Storage:
- Oxidation of lipids
- Loss of vitamins
Rates of feeding:
- Temperature, size/development stage dependent.
- Important for population uniform growth.
why is it worth looking at Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in salmon farming?
- One of the five major groups of lipoproteins
- Enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream.
- Involves apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)
A number of proteins are important in lipid transport across cell membranes:
-CD36
-Fatty-Acid Binding Proteins (FABP)
-Fatty-Acid Transport Protein (FATP)
What was done to try protect fish from
lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae
-Disease that causes severe losses in farmed marine and freshwater fish.
Study aimed to determine protective effects of three lactic acid bacteria against L. garvieae.
Looked at the impact of probiotics on the expression of immune-related genes in the fish
lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae
is a disease that causes severe losses in farmed marine and freshwater fish.
how can gene expression help mitigate threats?
Study aimed to determine protective effects of three lactic acid bacteria against L. garvieae.
Looked at the impact of probiotics on the expression of immune-related genes in the fish
what effect does high cortisol level have on fish?
how is it related to gene expression?
Cortisol is a key hormone in the stress response:
-Has negative effects if chronically elevated.
Two populations of fish, showing differences in the magnitude of cortisol response:
- Low responders (LR)
- High responders (HR)
generally, what are the life stages of fish?
Depending on the species:
- Smoltification (freshwater to saltwater)
- Sexual maturation
- Metamorphosis
- Sex differentiation
- Pigmentation
- Larval stages
name some problems with deformities in fish
Depending on species
- Lack of eye migration
- Jaw deformaties
- Bone deformaties
- Pigment abnormalities
what are the three factors that determine sex in fish?
why is it desirable to have an all-male stock?
- Achieve higher average growth rate
- Elimination of reproduction
- Reduced sexual territorial behaviour
why is it important to study fish immunology?
what are the four main groups of fish disease?
sea lice are the biggest problem for farmed fish
(effective treatments for red highlighted disease)
Cytokines important for Adaptive Immunity restricted to?
Agnathans
Cartilaginous Fish
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Cytokines important for non-specific (Innate) defence more universal
how can the immune response of fish be manipulated?
through diet
what are some of the problems when fishes undergo genetic manipulation?
Issue with fish having undergone genome duplication
Duplicates of genes exist, need to study all
-Many fish species have no genetic information available
- Transcriptomics allows quick gene discovery
- Do expression studies with no prior knowledge
Very few tools for measuring protein expression
- Increasing need for non-mammalian antibodies
-All bony vertebrates
two rounds of genome duplication (1R & 2R)
-All teleost fish
third round of duplication (3R)
-Salmonids
fourth round of duplication (4R)
give three examples of GM fish and the uses of it
GM Atlantic salmon grows twice as fast as a non-transgenic sibling of the same age.
• Ordinary salmon grow 100 or 200 grams/year, GM
salmon grow up to a kilo/year
Add genes into zebrafish allowing you to visualise individual cells within a living organism.
Genetically label cells to Individual express green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Example, GFP is linked to a nerve receptor
Investigate mechanisms of retinal development
Major retinal neurons marked with fluorescent proteins, driven by three different promoters
