How Bodies Defend Against Disease

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

Question 2

Where may viruses and bacteria reproduce rapidly?

Answer 2

Inside the body

Question 3

What may viruses and bacteria produce that make us feel ill?

Answer 3

Poisons (toxins)

Question 4

What do viruses damage?

Answer 4

The cells in which they reproduce

Question 5

The body has different ways of protecting itself against…

Answer 5

Pathogens

Question 6

What type of blood cell help defend against pathogens?

Answer 6

White blood cell

Question 7

What 3 ways do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

Answer 7

Ingesting them, producing antibodies, producing antitoxins

Question 8

What do the antibodies produced by white blood cells do?

Answer 8

Destroy particular bacteria and viruses

Question 9

What do the antitoxins produced by white blood cells do?

Answer 9

Counteract toxins released by pathogens

Question 10

What does the immune system produce?

Answer 10

Specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen

Question 11

When the immune system can produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen, what are you?

Answer 11

Immune from that pathogen

Question 12

What’s in a vaccine?

Answer 12

Dead or inactive forms of a pathogen, in small quantities

Question 13

What do vaccines stimulate?

Answer 13

Antibody production

Question 14

If a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen, what happens to the spread of the pathogen?

Answer 14

It’s very much reduced

Question 15

What did Semmelweis recognise the importance of?

Answer 15

Hand washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases

Question 16

How did Semmelweis greatly reduce the number of deaths from infectious disease in his hospital?

Answer 16

By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients

Question 17

What do some medicines, including painkillers, help to relieve?

Answer 17

The symptoms of an infectious disease, but they don’t kill the pathogens

Question 18

How do antibiotics cure bacterial disease?

Answer 18

By killing infectious disease inside the body

Question 19

Why can’t antibiotics be used to treat viruses?

Answer 19

As the live and reproduce inside cells

Question 20

What has the use of antibiotics greatly reduced?

Answer 20

Deaths from infectious bacterial disease

Question 21

It’s important that specific bacteria should be treated by…

Answer 21

Specific antibiotics

Question 22

What has overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics increased?

Answer 22

The rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

Question 23

What’s an example of a strain of bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 23

MRSA

Question 24

How have many strains of bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 24

Natural selection of pathogens with mutations

Question 25

To prevent further resistance arising, what’s it important to do?

Answer 25

Avoid over-use of antibiotics

Question 26

What produces new strains of pathogen?

Answer 26

Mutations

Question 27

What are antibiotics and vaccinations no longer effective against?

Answer 27

A new resistant strain of a pathogen

Question 28

Why do new strains of pathogen spread rapidly?

Answer 28

Because people aren’t immune to it, and there’s no effective treatment

Question 29

What will antibiotics kill?

Answer 29

Individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain

Question 30

Once antibiotics have killed all of the non-resistant strain, what will the individual resistant pathogens that survive do?

Answer 30

Reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases

Question 31

Now, what are antibiotics not used to treat?

Answer 31

Non-serious infections- mild throat infections

Question 32

What happens to the rate of development of resistant strains now that antibiotics aren’t used for non-serious infections?

Answer 32

It has slowed down

Question 33

The development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria necessitates…

Answer 33

The development of new antibiotics

Question 34

What do vaccines make people?

Answer 34

Immune to future infections by certain pathogens

Question 35

If a pathogen enters the body of someone who has been immunized against it, what happens?

Answer 35

Their body responds rapidly by making the correct antibody

Question 36

What does the MMR vaccine protect children against?

Answer 36

Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 37

What are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms required for?

Answer 37

Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

Question 38

To grow uncontaminated cultures, what must petri dishes and culture be?

Answer 38

Sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms

Question 39

To grow uncontaminated cultures, what must inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media be?

Answer 39

Sterilised by passing them through a flame

Question 40

To grow uncontaminated cultures, what must the lid of the petri dish be?

Answer 40

Secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture

Question 41

In schools and college labs, what maximum temperature should cultures be incubated at?

Answer 41

25 degrees c

Question 42

Why should schools and colleges incubate cultures at low temperatures?

Answer 42

To reduce the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans

Question 43

Why do cultures grown in industrial conditions incubate at higher temperatures?

Answer 43

To produce more rapid growth