Housing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Tenement Act of 1879?

A

This law required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type, referred to as “Old Law Tenements.” Provided requirements for light and air, 2 toilets on each floor, accessible by a common hall, a window for each room, Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” published in 1890

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2
Q

What is the New Tenement Act of 1901?

A

This law created “New Law” tenements and outlawed dumbbell tenements. It required wide light and air areas between buildings, as well as toilets and running water in each apartment unit. Required permits and inspections for construction, alterations and conversions; housing was primarily provided by private individuals/companies; 70% lot coverage, toilet in every unit and windows that can open to fresh air.

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3
Q

What is the National Housing Act of 1934?

A

created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to act as mortgager insurance agency; to regulate interest rates and mortgage terms; it revolutionized private housing finance by longer mortgages, smaller down payments, uniform self-amortization monthly payments, established minimum design standards. Created the FSLIC (Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

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4
Q

What year was NYC Housing Authority v. Muller and what did it determine?

A

1936; supreme court ruling established the NYC Housing Authority’s right to employ the power of eminent domain for slum clearing purposes

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5
Q

What did the National Housing Act of 1937 create?

A

the USHA (US Housing Authority) to channel financial assistance in the form of direct loans and open subsidies to local housing authorities for slum clearance and for construction/operation of public housing for low income families

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6
Q

What happened to all federal housing programs in 1947?

A

All federal housing programs were consolidated under Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA)

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7
Q

What is the Federal Housing Act of 1949?

A

created Urban Renewal; focus on slum clearance; supposedly reaffirmed the Federal commitment to the housing needs of the poor; provided money for localities to assemble, clear, then sell and lease for “predominantly residential uses” to housing agencies or private developers; perpetual racial discrimination; also replaced the low density townhouses with superblocks or “housing projects” which were warehouses for the poor

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8
Q

What is the Housing Act of 1954?

A

expanded Urban Renewal; focused on slum prevention; Section 701 - established the 1st Federal matching funds for local comprehensive plans for communities with less than 25K; included the Workable Program for Community Improvement

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9
Q

Describe the amendments to the Housing Act of 1959

A

resulted in the Housing Act of 1961; Section 202 - created Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program; Section 202(d)(3) provided interest subsidies to private nonprofit corporations, limited dividend corporations, co-op and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent

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10
Q

What year was HUD created and what did it replace?

A

1965; replaced HHFA; rent supplied payments for households below poverty level; private home loans at 3% interest for low and moderate income households; subsidies for more than 200K low rent public housing projects

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11
Q

What year was the Model Cities Program created?

A

1966

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12
Q

Describe the Model Cities Program

A

quasi-political; federal government funded to decide on problems, solutions, and priorities

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13
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1968 accomplish?

A

made racial discrimination for housing, rentals or sale, illegal.

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14
Q

What did the Housing and Urban Development Act in 1968 do?

A

Section 235 - subsidized low monthly payments for private homes financial and FHA mortgage insurance programs; for low and moderate income households

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15
Q

What act required area-wide regional planning agency review?

A

Circular A-95 in the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act (1968)

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16
Q

What act created Section 8 housing?

A

Housing and Community Development Act (1974); created rent supplement programs for low-income housing; consolidated programs into the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)

17
Q

The 1974 National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act required what structural component for manufactured homes?

A

Required manufactured homes to have steel chassis and wheels.

18
Q

What did the 1977 Housing and Community Development Act do?

A

Ended Federal funding for the Section 701 Plans; creative Competitive Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG); Fair Housing Act or Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968

19
Q

What did the McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (1987) do?

A

established emergency aid programs to provide food, shelter, education, job training and medical service to the homeless; limited amount of money for Section 8 moderate rehab program for single-room occupancy dwelling for the homeless; authorized 2 new housing programs (Emergency Shelter Grants Program, Supportive Housing Demonstration Program)

20
Q

What does the 1989 Fair Housing Act do?

A

Protects families with children under 18; made it illegal to deny loans for purchasing, construction, improvement, or maintenance of a dwelling; made it illegal for multifamily to discriminate against families

21
Q

What is inclusionary zoning?

A

ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable with low to moderate income

22
Q

What is the significance of Levittown, NY?

A

Sales started in 1947; loans were backed by the VA and FHA; allowed qualified veterans to receive 30 year mortgages with no down payment; this process began suburbanization

23
Q

What year was the Fair Housing Act?

A

1968

24
Q

What did the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 accomplish?

A

wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability

25
Q

ADA Amended Act in 2008 did what?

A

provided border protection for disabled workers

26
Q

The HOME act in 1990 did what?

A

home investment partnership initiated from the National Affordable Housing Act of 1990; similar to CDBG

27
Q

What is the name of the law to remove the worst public housing projects?

A

HOPE IV - 1998

28
Q

What does NSP stand for and what does it do?

A

Neighborhood Stabilization Program; purpose of stabilizing communities that suffered from foreclosures and abandonment

29
Q

What is the NSP2?

A

American Recovery and Reinvestment - provide grants to states, local governments, nonprofits and a consortium of nonprofit entities on a competitive basis

30
Q

NPS3 did what?

A

Dodd-Frank Act of 2010; provided a third round of neighborhood stabilization grants

31
Q

Housing Choice Vouchers - what legislation are they a part of?

A

Section 8 - part of 1974 Housing and Community Development Act

32
Q

Describe the Low Income Housing Tax Credit

A

developed out of the Tax Reform Act of 1986; called Housing Credits; designed to attract equity Capital for investment in rent restricted affordable housing; rents charged cannot be more than 30% of their gross income

33
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of influx of more affluent residents, causing existing residents to move away

34
Q

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) aka GI Bill

A

Guarantee home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of the suburbs.

35
Q

What is the New York Tenement Act of 1867?

A

The first major housing code in the U.S. The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside.