Host-Parasite Relationships

Question 1

Exotoxins

Answer 1

bacterial products that directly harms tissue of leads to destructive biologic activites

Question 2

Adhesion

Answer 2

binding of the bacterial adhesin to the host cell surface

Question 3

Ways bacteria adhere

Answer 3

invasion into cells

dissemination

Question 4

invasion into cells

Answer 4

hijack host cell machinery

modulate maturation of the phagosome to promote survival

Question 5

Dissemination

Answer 5

cause pathology due to toxin production of through thte original lesion

Question 6

Ways pathogens use to evade clearance by phagocytosis

Answer 6

1. Inhibit opsonization
2. Inhibit chemotaxis
3. Kill phagocyte
4. Inhibit lysosomal fusion
5. Escape from lysosome
6. Resistant antibacterial lysosomal action

Question 7

Superantigens

Answer 7

bind both T cell receptor and MHCII without a requiring antigen
Acitvation of large number of T-cells triggers a cytokine storm

Question 8

Encapsulation

Answer 8

generally a poor antigen
makes more antigenic epitopes on bacterial
surface
prevents binding of antibody or compliment

Question 9

Microbiota found on teeth

Answer 9

a. Streptoccus

Question 10

Microbiota found in throat

Answer 10

a. Strep viridans, pyogenes, and pneumoniae
b. Neisseria
c. Straphloccus epidermis
d. Haemophiliz influenza

Question 11

Microbiota found on skin

Answer 11

a. Staph epidermidis
b. Staph. Aureus
c. Diptheroids
d. Streptococci
e. Pseudomonas aeruginosea
f. Anaerobes, candida turlopsis pitrosporum

Question 12

Microbiota found in nose

Answer 12

a. Staph aureus
b. Staph epidermidis
c. Diptheroids
d. Streptococci

Question 13

Microbiota found in mouth

Answer 13

a. Strep mitis and other streptoccci
b. Trichomonas tenax
c. candida

Question 14

Microbiota found in urethra/vagina

Answer 14

a. Staphylococcus epidermidis
b. Diptheroids
c. Streptoccic
d. Gram neg. rods

Question 15

Microbiota found in esophagus and stomach

Answer 15

lactobacilli

Question 16

MIcrobiota found in small bowel

Answer 16

i. Lactobacilli
ii. Streptocci
iii. Enterobacteria
iv. Bacteoids spp

Question 17

Microbiota found in large bowel

Answer 17

i. Bacterises spp.
ii. Fusobacterium spp.
iii. Strep faecalis
iv. E. coli
v. Lactobacillus
vi. Staph aures
vii. Clostrium spp
viii. Enterobacteria
ix. Klebsiella spp
x. Eubacteria
xi. Streptococci
xii. Pseuodomas
xiii. Salmonella

Question 18

Microbiota found in fecal matter

Answer 18

i. Bacteroids spp.
ii. Bifidobacteria
iii. Eubacteria
iv. Coliforms
v. Strep faecalis

Question 19

Pathogen

Answer 19

any microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease

Question 20

strict pathogens

Answer 20

organism always associated with disease

Question 21

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 21

tend to be members of normal microbiota
take advantages of pre-existing conditions
most infections of humans are caused by these

Question 22

Pathogenicity

Answer 22

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

Question 23

virulence

Answer 23

measurement of pathogenicity

Question 24

Major sites of pathogen entry into the human body

Answer 24

1. Transplacental
2. Secretions
3. Stool to oral
4. Skin
5. Blood
6. Zoonotic
7. Arthropod

Question 25

Biofilm

Answer 25

bacteria encased in a exopolymeric substance of their own making. Found on wet surfaces

Question 26

Characteristics of biofilm

Answer 26

i. Slowed metabolism
ii. Increased resistance to antibiotics
iii. Increased genetic exchange -> increased likelihood of antibiotic resistance transfer
iv. Resistant to disinfection – decreased diffusion, increased organic matter