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Animal Science > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

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1
Q

Mature male

A

Stallion

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2
Q

Mature female

A

Mare

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3
Q

Castrated male

A

Gelding

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4
Q

Young male

A

Colt

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5
Q

Young female

A

Filly

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6
Q

All young

A

Foal

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7
Q

Parturition

A

Foaling

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8
Q

Speed determined by

A

Stride length
Frequency of stride

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9
Q

Were horses self or intentionally domesticated?

A

Intentionally domesticated

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10
Q

Ferral horses

A

Mustangs

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11
Q

First horse breed

A

Arabian

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12
Q

1 hand measurement =

A

4 inches

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13
Q

How is horse height measured?

A

Ground to withers

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14
Q

Calm, spook less

A

Cold blooded

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15
Q

Riding, speed, endurance, active

A

Hot blooded

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16
Q

Draft
Draught/dray

A

Cold
16-19h
3,000 or less lbs
Heavy boned/large framed
Power forward movement

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17
Q

Draft example

A

Belgian
Clydesdale
Shire
Suffolk
Percheron

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18
Q

Light

A

14.3-17h
1,000-1,500 lbs
Riding
Speed, agility, endurance

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19
Q

Light horse examples

A

Quarter horse
Arabian
Thoroughbred

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20
Q

Gaited

A

14.3-17h
1,000-1,5000 lbs
Light and bred for smooth movement and specific footfall pattern

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21
Q

Gated examples

A

American Saddlebred
Standardbred
Tennessee walking horse

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22
Q

Warmbloods

A

16-18 h moderate frame
1,200-1,7000 lbs heavy boned
Riding (dressage & jumping)
hot X cold blooded

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23
Q

Warmblood examples

A

Hanoverian
Dutch Warmblood
Trakehner

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24
Q

Pony

A

<14.2
500-900 lbs
Bred for draft and riding

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25
Q

Pony examples

A

Shetland
Welsh
Hackney

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26
Q

Miniature horse

A

8.5-9.5 h
Small horse conformation

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27
Q

Domestic equids

A

Draft and riding

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28
Q

Wild equid examples

A

Zebra
Przewalski’s

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29
Q

Top 4 countries with domestic equids

A

1) China
2) Russia
3) Mexico
4) US

30
Q

What causes horse numbers to fluctuate?

A

Economy- disposable income

31
Q

Type I

A

Territorial (solitary)

32
Q

Type II

A

Herd bound (social)
Migrate towards rainfall/forage

33
Q

Animal that survives using speed

A

Cursorial
Outrun predators
Catch prey

34
Q

Eyes on front of head

A

Predators

35
Q

Eyes on side of head

A

Prey

36
Q

Horse eye position and vision range

A

Eyes on side of head
357° vision
2 blind spots

37
Q

Long range depth perception

A

Stereoscopic
Poor short range depth perception

38
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent
Protects eye
Bends light

39
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates light entering eye
Iris contracts to control light intske

40
Q

Lens

A

Blends light to focus it on retina

41
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability for lens to change shape to focus light on retina
Close up- round lens
Far away- flat lens

42
Q

Retina

A

Light receptors

43
Q

2 Specialized vision nerves

A

Rods- low light
Cones- color

44
Q

Humans have more rods or cones?

A

Cones

45
Q

Horses have more rods or cones?

A

Rods

46
Q

Trichromic

A

Humans
Blue- short WL
Green- mid WL
Red- long WL

47
Q

Dichromic

A

Horses
Blue- short WL
Earth tones- mid/long WL

48
Q

Tapetum

A

Reflective layer behind retina reflects photons to amplify light

49
Q

Pros to increased limb length

A

High height- see further
Long stride length. Can ⬆️ speed

50
Q

Cons to increased limb length

A

Increased weight - slower
-eliminate excess bone/muscle weight
Higher center of gravity - stability issues
-semi flexible spine
Fusion if tibia/fibula and Radius/ulna

51
Q

Stride

A

Flexion: power stroke
Extension: reach for next step

52
Q

What percent of their bodyweight to horses and cows eat?

A

1-3%

53
Q

Horses being a non ruminant herbivore means that they have

A

Smaller digestive tract
Therefore they eat less food more often. Graze 20 hrs/day

54
Q

Since horses have a lighter digestive tract, they have more?

A

Bone and muscle mass
Faster

55
Q

What 2 physical characteristics allow horses to improve oxygen capacity

A

Head
Spleen

56
Q

How does the horses head effect oxygen intake?

A

Large hollow head for breathing
Esophagus and trachea are separate

57
Q

How does the horses spleen effect oxygen intake?

A

Spleen can sort and store and release red blood cells as need to increase hematocrit

58
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Proportion of red blood cells to fluid
Packed cell volume to Serum

59
Q

Slow contraction

A

Low efficiency
Limited heat/ friction
Walk

60
Q

Moderate contraction

A

Higher efficiency
Moderate work and heat-friction
Ex. Trot, jog

61
Q

Fast contraction

A

Low efficiency
High work and heat- friction
Ex. Canter

62
Q

Conformation

A

Evaluating the ability to move
Function to form

63
Q

What does SCID stand for?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

64
Q

SCID genetics

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency
Recessive
Up to 40% of horses are carriers
Lethal

65
Q

Estrous cycle

A

21 days

66
Q

Estrus

A

5-7 days

67
Q

Ovulation

A

24-48 hours before estrus ends

68
Q

Gestation

A

335 days

69
Q

Breeding period

A

Seasonal breeder
Long day

70
Q

How long does foal heat last

A

9-14 days post partum

71
Q

Physiological reasons for low reproduction rate

A

Long gestation
Seasonal breeders- long day
Single bearing
Take long time to reach puberty/ maturity

72
Q

Artificial reasons for low reproduction rate

A

Human impacts
Not bred based on reproduction
Bred for January 1st birthday

Animal Science (8 decks)

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