Horses Flashcards by Shea Levine

Mature male

Stallion

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Mature female

Mare

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Castrated male

Gelding

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Young male

Colt

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Young female

Filly

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All young

Foal

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Parturition

Foaling

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Speed determined by

Stride length
Frequency of stride

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Were horses self or intentionally domesticated?

Intentionally domesticated

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Ferral horses

Mustangs

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First horse breed

Arabian

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1 hand measurement =

4 inches

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How is horse height measured?

Ground to withers

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Calm, spook less

Cold blooded

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Riding, speed, endurance, active

Hot blooded

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Draft
Draught/dray

Cold
16-19h
3,000 or less lbs
Heavy boned/large framed
Power forward movement

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Draft example

Belgian
Clydesdale
Shire
Suffolk
Percheron

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Light

14.3-17h
1,000-1,500 lbs
Riding
Speed, agility, endurance

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Light horse examples

Quarter horse
Arabian
Thoroughbred

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Gaited

14.3-17h
1,000-1,5000 lbs
Light and bred for smooth movement and specific footfall pattern

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Gated examples

American Saddlebred
Standardbred
Tennessee walking horse

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Warmbloods

16-18 h moderate frame
1,200-1,7000 lbs heavy boned
Riding (dressage & jumping)
hot X cold blooded

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Warmblood examples

Hanoverian
Dutch Warmblood
Trakehner

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Pony

<14.2
500-900 lbs
Bred for draft and riding

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Pony examples

Shetland Welsh Hackney

Miniature horse

8.5-9.5 h Small horse conformation

Domestic equids

Draft and riding

Wild equid examples

Zebra Przewalski’s

Top 4 countries with domestic equids

1) China 2) Russia 3) Mexico 4) US

What causes horse numbers to fluctuate?

Economy- disposable income

Type I

Territorial (solitary)

Type II

Herd bound (social) Migrate towards rainfall/forage

Animal that survives using speed

Cursorial Outrun predators Catch prey

Eyes on front of head

Predators

Eyes on side of head

Prey

Horse eye position and vision range

Eyes on side of head 357° vision 2 blind spots

Long range depth perception

Stereoscopic Poor short range depth perception

Cornea

Transparent Protects eye Bends light

Pupil

Regulates light entering eye Iris contracts to control light intske

Lens

Blends light to focus it on retina

Accommodation

Ability for lens to change shape to focus light on retina Close up- round lens Far away- flat lens

Retina

Light receptors

2 Specialized vision nerves

Rods- low light Cones- color

Humans have more rods or cones?

Cones

Horses have more rods or cones?

Rods

Trichromic

Humans Blue- short WL Green- mid WL Red- long WL

Dichromic

Horses Blue- short WL Earth tones- mid/long WL

Tapetum

Reflective layer behind retina reflects photons to amplify light

Pros to increased limb length

High height- see further Long stride length. Can ⬆️ speed

Cons to increased limb length

Increased weight - slower -eliminate excess bone/muscle weight Higher center of gravity - stability issues -semi flexible spine Fusion if tibia/fibula and Radius/ulna

Stride

Flexion: power stroke Extension: reach for next step

What percent of their bodyweight to horses and cows eat?

1-3%

Horses being a non ruminant herbivore means that they have

Smaller digestive tract Therefore they eat less food more often. Graze 20 hrs/day

Since horses have a lighter digestive tract, they have more?

Bone and muscle mass Faster

What 2 physical characteristics allow horses to improve oxygen capacity

Head Spleen

How does the horses head effect oxygen intake?

Large hollow head for breathing Esophagus and trachea are separate

How does the horses spleen effect oxygen intake?

Spleen can sort and store and release red blood cells as need to increase hematocrit

What is hematocrit?

Proportion of red blood cells to fluid Packed cell volume to Serum

Slow contraction

Low efficiency Limited heat/ friction Walk

Moderate contraction

Higher efficiency Moderate work and heat-friction Ex. Trot, jog

Fast contraction

Low efficiency High work and heat- friction Ex. Canter

Conformation

Evaluating the ability to move Function to form

What does SCID stand for?

Severe combined immunodeficiency

SCID genetics

Severe combined immunodeficiency Recessive Up to 40% of horses are carriers Lethal

Estrous cycle

21 days

Estrus

5-7 days

Ovulation

24-48 hours before estrus ends

Gestation

335 days

Breeding period

Seasonal breeder Long day

How long does foal heat last

9-14 days post partum

Physiological reasons for low reproduction rate

Long gestation Seasonal breeders- long day Single bearing Take long time to reach puberty/ maturity

Artificial reasons for low reproduction rate

Human impacts Not bred based on reproduction Bred for January 1st birthday