Genetics Flashcards
Physical appearance
Phenotype
Genetic composition
Genotype
Environment
Affects how genes are expressed
DNA codes for specific substance
Genes
Subcomponent of DNA. 2 create a gene
Allele
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant: PP
Homozygous recessive: pp
Heterozygous: Pp
Two types of traits
Qualitative: few genes with little variation. Yes/no ex. Earlobes attached
Quantitative: many genes. Expression over a range ex. Weight or height
Mating of individuals more closely related. Basis for breeds. Not the cause of genetic mutations.
Inbreeding
Concentration on genes of a species ancestor
Linebreeding
Mating of individuals less closely related then the average of the population
Outbreeding
Same breed, but genetically very different
Outcrossing
Same species, but different breed
Cross breeding
Crossbreeding effects
Increase reproductive traits, but can decrease economically beneficial traits.
Used for meat production in beef, swine, broilers, sheep, and goats
Breeding different species. Usually unsuccessful, but can create genetically unfit individuals
Crossing species
What is genetic fitness?
Ability to reproduce
Combination of incompatible chromosomes or chromosome numbers. Cells don’t contain same number of chromosomes
Chimera
Average trait of offspring is superior to average of parental breeds.
Heterosis
Deciding parents of next generation
Selection
Occurs in all species. Genes spread slowly
Natural mating
Difficult process with low success. Genes spread by freezing sperm. Turkey, dairy cow, and swine.
Artificial insemination
Expensive and difficult method used to spread genes quickly. Used in some dairy cows
Embryo transfer
Steps of embryo transfer
- Superovulate female: hormone increases number of follicles produced.
- Embryos are fertilized
- Embryos collected in uterus using Foley catheter before zonapellucoda ruptures.
- Eggs transferred into recipient in same stage of reproduction
Transferring half the cells from a viable embryo into an empty zonapellucida
Embryo splitting
Organisms containing 3 haploids
Tripliods
Characteristics of triploids
Genetically unfit (can’t reproduce)
Accelerated/ prolonged growth period.
Beneficial for some food/aquatic species.
How are triploids produced?
Collecting ovum and adding sperm during particular stages of mitosis
Creating new animal from DNA of preexisting animal
Cloning
What were the first animals to be cloned?
Frogs
First large animal to be cloned?
Dolly the sheep.
Why did Dolly the cloned sheep have health issues so young?
Her DNA was old
Steps for cloning
- Remove potentially fertilized egg.
- Remove DNA from egg (denucleate)
- Implant DNA from a preexsisting individual (skin cells)
Inserting genes form one species into another
Transgenic
What gene is used as an indicator in some transgenic experiments?
Green fluorescent protein from jellyfish
What gene is being experimented on in sheep to produce cancer fighting milk?
Lactoferrin
Determining or tracing each individuals unique DNA pattern
DNA fingerprinting
What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
Identify an individual from a species or determine if an individual carries a genetic mutation
Theft recovery or pedigree verification
Predicting performance, function, and structure off genes. Identifying genes that produce a desired trait.
Genomics
Using less related individuals increases what?
Heterosis
Environment can influence the expression of genes and turn specific genes on or off. Ex. Honeybees
Epigenetics
