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Animal Science > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Physical appearance

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

Genetic composition

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Environment

A

Affects how genes are expressed

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4
Q

DNA codes for specific substance

A

Genes

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5
Q

Subcomponent of DNA. 2 create a gene

A

Allele

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6
Q

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

A

Homozygous dominant: PP
Homozygous recessive: pp
Heterozygous: Pp

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7
Q

Two types of traits

A

Qualitative: few genes with little variation. Yes/no ex. Earlobes attached
Quantitative: many genes. Expression over a range ex. Weight or height

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8
Q

Mating of individuals more closely related. Basis for breeds. Not the cause of genetic mutations.

A

Inbreeding

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9
Q

Concentration on genes of a species ancestor

A

Linebreeding

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10
Q

Mating of individuals less closely related then the average of the population

A

Outbreeding

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11
Q

Same breed, but genetically very different

A

Outcrossing

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12
Q

Same species, but different breed

A

Cross breeding

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13
Q

Crossbreeding effects

A

Increase reproductive traits, but can decrease economically beneficial traits.
Used for meat production in beef, swine, broilers, sheep, and goats

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14
Q

Breeding different species. Usually unsuccessful, but can create genetically unfit individuals

A

Crossing species

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15
Q

What is genetic fitness?

A

Ability to reproduce

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16
Q

Combination of incompatible chromosomes or chromosome numbers. Cells don’t contain same number of chromosomes

A

Chimera

17
Q

Average trait of offspring is superior to average of parental breeds.

A

Heterosis

18
Q

Deciding parents of next generation

A

Selection

19
Q

Occurs in all species. Genes spread slowly

A

Natural mating

20
Q

Difficult process with low success. Genes spread by freezing sperm. Turkey, dairy cow, and swine.

A

Artificial insemination

21
Q

Expensive and difficult method used to spread genes quickly. Used in some dairy cows

A

Embryo transfer

22
Q

Steps of embryo transfer

A
  1. Superovulate female: hormone increases number of follicles produced.
  2. Embryos are fertilized
  3. Embryos collected in uterus using Foley catheter before zonapellucoda ruptures.
  4. Eggs transferred into recipient in same stage of reproduction
23
Q

Transferring half the cells from a viable embryo into an empty zonapellucida

A

Embryo splitting

24
Q

Organisms containing 3 haploids

A

Tripliods

25
Q

Characteristics of triploids

A

Genetically unfit (can’t reproduce)
Accelerated/ prolonged growth period.
Beneficial for some food/aquatic species.

26
Q

How are triploids produced?

A

Collecting ovum and adding sperm during particular stages of mitosis

27
Q

Creating new animal from DNA of preexisting animal

A

Cloning

28
Q

What were the first animals to be cloned?

A

Frogs

29
Q

First large animal to be cloned?

A

Dolly the sheep.

30
Q

Why did Dolly the cloned sheep have health issues so young?

A

Her DNA was old

31
Q

Steps for cloning

A
  1. Remove potentially fertilized egg.
  2. Remove DNA from egg (denucleate)
  3. Implant DNA from a preexsisting individual (skin cells)
32
Q

Inserting genes form one species into another

A

Transgenic

33
Q

What gene is used as an indicator in some transgenic experiments?

A

Green fluorescent protein from jellyfish

34
Q

What gene is being experimented on in sheep to produce cancer fighting milk?

A

Lactoferrin

35
Q

Determining or tracing each individuals unique DNA pattern

A

DNA fingerprinting

36
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

Identify an individual from a species or determine if an individual carries a genetic mutation
Theft recovery or pedigree verification

37
Q

Predicting performance, function, and structure off genes. Identifying genes that produce a desired trait.

A

Genomics

38
Q

Using less related individuals increases what?

A

Heterosis

39
Q

Environment can influence the expression of genes and turn specific genes on or off. Ex. Honeybees

A

Epigenetics

Animal Science (8 decks)

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