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Beef Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Parturition

A

Calving

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2
Q

Intact male

A

Bull

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3
Q

Castrated male

A

Steer

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4
Q

Female

A

Cow

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5
Q

Young male

A

Bull calf
Bullock

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6
Q

Young female

A

Heifer

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7
Q

All young

A

Calves

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8
Q

Cattle ancestor

A

Great auroch

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9
Q

Man responsible for breed development and selective breeding

A

Robert Bakewell (father of animal breeding)

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10
Q

Breed development 3 steps

A

1) determine desired traits
2) selection of parents for next generation
3) evaluate offspring for selection

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11
Q

Purebred

A

define set of characteristics passed from parents to offspring
Humans determine desired characteristics
Genes for desired traits are more homozygous with less heterosis

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12
Q

How many recognized and unnamed breeds of cattle?

A

250 recognized breeds
>300 unnamed varieties 

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13
Q

Difference between dairy and beef cattle interaction with environment

A

Dairy: Environment altered to fit animals
Beef: match animal’s characteristics environment

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14
Q

3 types of beef cattle

A

1) European (Bos Taurus)
2) Continental (Bos Taurus)
3) Zebu (Bos indicus)

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15
Q

European

A

Bos Taurus
Europe
Moderate size
meat characteristics
Reproduction
Maternal ability
Ex Hereford, angus, shorthorn

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16
Q

Continental

A

Bos Taurus
European
Larger size
Draft
Meat characteristics
Reproduction
Maternal ability
Ex. Charlois, Chianina, simmental

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17
Q

Zebu

A

Bos Indicus
Milk
Meat
Draft
Tropical/subtropical adaptations
Ex. Brahman

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18
Q

Zebu tropical adaptations

A

Short, shiny, dense, flat hair
More skin/surface area for cooling
Parasite, insect, and disease resistance

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19
Q

Synthetic breeds

A

Breed created from crossing two other breeds
Breed for favorable characteristics from two different breeds to fit environment
Ex. Brangus, simbrah, beefalo

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20
Q

Where are most cattle in the U.S. located?

A

Central U.S.

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21
Q

European examples

A

Hereford
Angus
Shorthorn

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22
Q

Continental examples

A

Charlois
Chianina
Simmental

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23
Q

Zebu example

A

Brahman

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24
Q

Synthetics examples

A

Brangus
Simbrah
Beefalo

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25
Q

Infrastructure definition

A

Levels of organization within an organization or business

26
Q

Purebred Producers

A

Seedstock
Provide genetic material for cow production
Sell bulls to calf operation
Little use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer
Some bred for novelty/looks. Ex horns and mini

27
Q

Order of beef cow production

A

Purebred producers
Cow/Calf operation
Stocker
Feedlot
Packers

28
Q

Cow/calf operation goal

A

Produce 1 weaned calf every 12 months

29
Q

How many days to rebreed cow and what happens during this time?

A

80 days
35-40 days: uterine repair
60 days: lactation anestrous. Milk hormones interfere with repro hormones
Leaves 20 days to breed a cow with a 21 day estrous cycle

30
Q

How old are calves when they wean?

A

5-7 months (400-600 lbs)

31
Q

What percent of beef cows are crossbred?

32
Q

Where do the weaned cows go?

A

All males -> meat production
60% females -> meat production
40% females -> replacement

33
Q

What cannot be affected by heterosis?

A

Carcass meat quality and quantity

34
Q

Rotational system

A

Increase weaning weight
2 breed rotation: 15%
3 breed rotation: 23%

35
Q

Stocker

A

Natural growth of cattle from 5-7 months (400-600) - 9-11 months (800-900)

36
Q

What develops during the stocker phase?

A

Frame/ skeletal size
Muscle mass

37
Q

How long does stocker phase last?

A

5-7 months

38
Q

Feedlot time span

A

9-11 months (800-900 lbs) —> 12-16 month (1100-1200 lbs)

39
Q

Low energy diet

40
Q

High energy diet

41
Q

Feedlot high ration diet 3 functions

A

Increase intermuscular fat
Change fat color and taste

42
Q

Packers

A

Disassembly plant
Live animal -> carcass

43
Q

What is a carcass?

A

animal without
Head
Hide
Feet
Internal organs

44
Q

Fabrication

A

Processing carcass

45
Q

Why do we ship boxed beef instead of sides?

A

1) order specific cuts
2) shipping and transport

46
Q

What is analyzed in quality grade?

A

Palatability
Taste
Texture
Tenderness

47
Q

3 highest quality grades

A

Prime
Choice
Select

48
Q

What determines quality grade?

A

1) Age of cow: younger is better
2) Intramuscular fat: more is better

49
Q

What is intramuscular fat?

A

Fat between muscle fibers
Enhances flavor and tenderness

50
Q

Yield grade

A

Proportion of primary retail cuts from entire carcass

51
Q

Yield grade 1

A

More primary cuts with less fat

52
Q

Yield grade 5

A

Less primary cuts with more fat

53
Q

As quality grade increases

A

Yield grade decreases
Inverse relationship

54
Q

What type of breeders are beef cow?

A

Non seasonal
Polyestrous

55
Q

Estrous cycle

56
Q

Estrus

57
Q

Gestation

58
Q

What occurs when calves are 6-8 weeks old?

A

Spring
Branding
Dehorning
Castration
Vaccinatios

59
Q

What occurs when calves are 5-7 months?

A

Fall
Weaning
Pregnancy check cows

60
Q

Robert bakewell

A

Father of animal breeding
Responsible for breed development and selective breeding.

Animal Science (8 decks)

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