Horse Evolution & Behaviour

Question 1

First equid to walk on one digit

Answer 1

Pliohippus

Question 2

What did the two redundant toes become

Answer 2

Splint bones

Question 3

Only surviving genera

Answer 3

Equus

Question 4

7 remaining Equus species

Answer 4

Domestic horse
Zebras (x3) 
Przewalskis
Donkeys
Wild ass

Question 5

Horses initial purpose

Answer 5

Meat & skin

Question 6

Domestication uses

Answer 6

Initially pulling heavy loads before the range today eg riding sport carting

Question 7

Type of animal

Answer 7

Flight animal

Question 8

Normal grouping system

Answer 8

1 stallion maybe 2 with mares or a bachelor band
Hierarchy
Live in a large group

Question 9

+ve of living in a large group

Answer 9

Protection

Question 10

Hierarchy system

Answer 10

Usually older/more aggressive/present in herd for longer mare is dominant/has priority resource access

Question 11

Hierarchy fxs

Answer 11

Incr stability
Incr survival (dominant decides if flight or fight)
Incr repro success
Decr herd injuries

Question 12

Aggression types

Answer 12

Learned

Dominance

Question 13

Learned aggression

Answer 13

Rewarded for the behaviour gen assoc woth a specific person

Question 14

Dominance aggression

Answer 14

Defensive of resource/space

Reinforced through bad inadequate handling or inappropriate punishment

Question 15

Horse assoc time

Answer 15

Little more than a second

Question 16

Cause of training problems

Answer 16

Horse given inappropriate signals so this unpredictability causes unwanted behaviour so need to avoid conflicting signals for successful training

Question 17

Stereotypical behaviour egs

Answer 17

Weaving
Head bobbing
Crib biting
Wind sucking
Box walking

Question 18

Evolution from hyracotherium

Answer 18

Fox sized
4 toed front feet
3 toed rear feet
Swampy region inhabitant

Question 19

Horses natural behaviour

Answer 19

Continual movement and grazing most of the day.

Herd never graze all at once

Question 20

Behaviour is product of

Answer 20

Interaction of genetics and enviro

Predisposition combined with learned behaviour

Question 21

Predisposition to certain behaviour is due to

Answer 21

Genetics

Question 22

Optimal management and training req

Answer 22

Understanding of behaviour

Question 23

Gen cause of behaviour problem

Answer 23

Inadequate management routine and lack of knowledge of how horse perceives world

Question 24

Earliest ancestor of domestic hirse

Answer 24

Eohippus (dawn horse) 
Size of fox
Ran with Four toes on front legs and 3 on back legs
Swampy regions of N america
Browsed shrubs and plants
Died out

Question 25

Eohippus successors

Answer 25

By oligocene period were size of large dog ran with 3 toes on each foot