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Animal Husbandry > Cow Husbandry > Flashcards

Cow Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

What is rumination

A

Food broken down by chewing and blouses are regurgitated &I chewed 40-50 times before swallowing again

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2
Q

Time spent laid down

A

12-14

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3
Q

Time spent ruminating

A

7+ he

  1. 5 laid down
  2. 5 stood
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4
Q

Rumen pH

A

6-7

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5
Q

Feed types

A

Forage

Concentrates

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6
Q

Age of cull cattle

A

Over 30mnth

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7
Q

What cows are used for beef

A

Purebred dairy bull
Dairyxbeef
Purebred beef calf

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8
Q

What is innate behaviour

A

Instinctive unlearned behaviour

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9
Q

What is acquired behaviour

A

Learnt actions

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10
Q

What poor husbandry can cause off behaviour

A

Inadequate trough space

Inadequate lying time

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11
Q

How can exploration lead to issues

A

They lick smell and attempt to eat new things so can eat wire batteries plastic etc

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12
Q

Problems with the cattle hierarchy

A

Excessive competition
Intro of heifers to the herd
Mixing at markets

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13
Q

Why is good quality housing important for reproduction

A

Usually better demonstration of sexual behaviour so better reproduction efficiency as easier to identify on heat

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14
Q

Calving interval/index

A

365 days

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15
Q

Gestation period

A

282 day

9mnth

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16
Q

Calving-conception interval

A

83 day

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17
Q

Oestrus intervals

A

21 day (17-25)

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18
Q

Oestrus duration

A

16hr

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19
Q

Ovulation

A

12hr after oestrus ends

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20
Q

Oestrus signs

A 
Restless
Bellowing
Grouping
Scoff marks flanks and tail head
Standing to be mounted
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21
Q

+ve AI

A

Accurate breeding record
Precise calving date
Good herd management

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22
Q

Beef v dairy insemination

A

Beef mainly natural

Dairy mainly AI

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23
Q

Who can do AI

A

Trained operator

Trained farm staff

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24
Q

What diseases may AI contain

A

Venereal

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25
Q

-ve AI

A

Correct ID of cow in oestrus

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26
Q

Way to enhance oestrus detection

A

Incr freq & duration of observation
Good records
Heat detection aids
Sync oestrus

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27
Q

Freq of oestrus observations

A

3 x 30 min esp post 10pm

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28
Q

Way to confirm pregnancy

A

No oestrus within 18-24 days
Rectal palpation 6-8 wk post conc
Ultrasound 4wk post
Hormone assay 24 day after

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29
Q

AI choice characteristics

A 
Milk yield
Milk composition
Confirmation
Disease resistance
Calving ease
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30
Q

What is estimated breeding value

A

Measure of expected performances of animal relative to pop average

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31
Q

What is predicted transmitting ability

A

Transmission of the genetic merit of EBV

32
Q

Profit index

A

Expected incr in revenue per lactation

33
Q

Profitable life index

A

Like PIN but takes lifespan into account

34
Q

Total overall performance

A

Takes into account overall view of breeding program

NOT a financial index

35
Q

Levels of farm assurance schemes

A

Baseline

Higher/premium

36
Q

What is Red Tractor

A

Provide retailer and consumer with confidence about safety and quality of milk
Failures have 90 days to address the failure

37
Q

Standard of red tractor assessment

A 
Hygiene 
Food safety
Housing
Equipment
Feed
Water
Herd health
Staff training
Contingency plans
Enviro measures
38
Q

Organic conversion period

A

2yr

39
Q

Organic farm standards

A

Artificial chemical not used
Organic food ration (60% of dry grass/conserved forage)
Closed flock
Set housing etc standard
Routine medical allowed only treatment of one off specific prob

40
Q

Disease prevention on organic farms

A

Select breeds
Husbandry practices
High quality feed, exercise, pasture etc
Livestock density

41
Q

What is a ruminant and what is special about them

A

Microbial fermentation of food in reticulorumen before exposure to body’s digestive enzymes
They can digest fibrous plant matter

42
Q

Calving patterns

A

All yr
Autumn calving
Spring calving
Summer calving

43
Q

+ve to autumn calving

A

Higher milk price oct/nov
(Though feed price higher)
Nutritional imbalance minimised
High milk yield on spring to use spring grass

44
Q

+ve spring calving

A

Spring grass at peak lactation so lower feed costs

45
Q

+ve summer calving

A

Higher milk price August-dec, but poor UK weather
Silage used to buffer grass quality variation
Can become too fat as dry on spring grass

46
Q

Housing aims

A

Clean dry bedding
Clean comfortable cows
Free access to feed water
Freedom of movement

47
Q

Consideration for choosing housing types

A 
Building layout
Space req for lying cow, etc
Bedding mat availability
Slurry system
Labour
Costs
48
Q

Straw yard space allowance

A

1.25m2 per 1000l per cow + 2m2 feeding area for each cow

49
Q

Straw yard dimensions

A

Max 7.3 m deep bedding area

Max 3.7m wide loafing/feeding area

50
Q

Barrier straw yard

A

30cm tall

1:60 slope for drainage

51
Q

Water/feed accessibility straw yard

A

Only from loafing area

52
Q

Straw yard complete clean out freq

A

4-6 wk

53
Q

Daily straw yard clean out

A

Bed with fresh straw

Scrape loafing area (2x daily)

54
Q

Cubicle space allowance

A

6-7m2 per cow

55
Q

Conseq of incorrect cubicle design

A 
Decr lying time 
Reduced rumination time
Dirty beds
Injury
Mastitis
56
Q

Cubicle dimensions

A

Determined for largest cows of herd
700kg 2.4m long (2.25 in double fronted cubicles)
1.2m wide

57
Q

Partition of cubicle design

A

Not verticals bars at rear
Lunging space
Lower rail 55cm from base

58
Q

Head rail in cubicle

A

At least210cm from rear on the diagonal

59
Q

Brisket board in cubicle

A

Base should be 1.7m from rear kerb

60
Q

Kerbstone height

A

No more than 13cm

61
Q

Bedding options

A

Straw
Mattresses
Sand
Sawdust

62
Q

Passageway in cubicle shed

A

2.4 m wide

Cleaned 2x aday

63
Q

Cubicle numbers

A

10% more than cow number

64
Q

No of Calving boxes for an autumn calving herd

A

5/6 per 100

65
Q

Cow track features

A

Good drainage
Surface
Robust surface
Planning

66
Q

Standard lactation

A

305 day

67
Q

Dry period

A

60day

68
Q

First post calving service

A

45day

69
Q

Peak yield

A

About 5th wk/40 day

70
Q

Peak yield calc

A

1.1xyield at 2wk

71
Q

Annual yield calc

A

200xpeak yield = annual yield

72
Q

Weight loss post calving

A

Max 0.5kg a day (30-50kg in total)

73
Q

Body cond at calving

A

2.5-3.5

74
Q

Body cond at service

A

No less than 2

75
Q

Clear cow ID

A

Freeze branding
Tagging
Transponders
Short term ID with colour tape/paint

76
Q

Essential records

A

Milk yield
Fertility
Health

77
Q

Herd health objective

A

Incr efficiency
Incr longevity
Reduced culling

Animal Husbandry (9 decks)

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