Hornones

Question 1

Males

Answer 1

Testes->testosterone-> wolffian ducts develop into the seminal vesicles, vascular deferens, prostate

Question 2

Males 1.2

Answer 2

Testes-> MIS-> atrophy of Müllerian ducts

Question 3

Females

Answer 3

Ovaries-> no testosterone-> wolffian ducts atrophy

Question 4

Females 1.2

Answer 4

Ovaries-> no MIF-> Müllerian ducts develop into the uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes

Question 5

Requires presence of 5 a-reductace in embryonic genital skin for genital fusion and development of male genitalia

Answer 5

Testosterone converted to DHR (5 a-dihydrotestosterone)

Question 6

Males

Answer 6

Testosterone-> penis, urethra, scrotum

Question 7

Females

Answer 7

No testosterone->clitoris and external labia

Question 8

Direct gene activation

Answer 8

-lipid soluble, steroid hormones
-diffuse through cell membranes
-bind to intracellular receptor
-activated hormone receptor/complex binds with gene, turning it on
-gene transcribes mRNA
-ribosomes use mRNA to synthesize enzymes to stimulate cell activity or synthesize structural proteins to be excreted or used within the cell

Question 9

Second messenger systems

Answer 9

-amino acid and protein based
-cannot pass through cell membranes
-bind to cell membrane receptors
-activate G protein in membrane to produce cyclic AMP in cytoplasm
-cyclic AMP acts as second messenger inside cell activating protein kinases
-protein kinases trigger cellular responses

Question 10

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 10

Source: hypothalamus
Targets and functions: anterior pituitary
-stimulates the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH)
-regulates the release of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 11

Follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 11

Source: anterior pituitary

Question 12

Follicle stimulating hormone in females

Answer 12

Ovaries
-Stimulates folic growth and maturation
-Stimulates estrogen production

Question 13

Follicle stimulating hormone in males

Answer 13

Seminiferous tubules
-promotes sperm production (spermatogenesis) by establishing testosterone receptors on tubules

Question 14

Leutenizing hormone

Answer 14

Source:anterior pituitary

Question 15

Leutenizng hormone females

Answer 15

Females- ovaries
-stimulates primary oocyte to complete first neurotic divison to become secondary oocyte
-triggers ovulation of secondary oocyte
-transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
-stimulates production of progesterone by corpus luteum

Question 16

Leutenizing hormone in males

Answer 16

Males-semnferous tubules
-stimulates sperm production (spermstogenis) by causing intestinal cells in testes to secrete testosterone

Question 17

Estrogen

Answer 17

Sources: maturing follicles and corpus luteum

Question 18

Estrogen (body in general)

Answer 18

Stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

Question 19

Estrogen (uterus)

Answer 19

Stimulates proliferative phase of uterine cycle

Question 20

Estrogen (ovaries)

Answer 20

Promotes oogenesis

Question 21

Estrogen (breasts)

Answer 21

Stimulates development of milk ducts and sinuses (ampullae)

Question 22

Estrogen (anterior pituitary)

Answer 22

Stimulates burst-like release of LH

Question 23

Progesterone

Answer 23

Source: corpus luteum and placenta

Question 24

Progesterone uterus

Answer 24

-maintains thickened endometrium
-stimulates nutrient release
-quiets myometrium

Question 25

Progesterone breasts

Answer 25

Stimates development of alveoli for milk production

Question 26

Progesterone anterior pituitary

Answer 26

Inhibits production and release of FSH and LH

Question 27

Testosterone

Answer 27

Source: interstitial cells in testes

Question 28

Testosterone (body in general)

Answer 28

Stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics including -development of male genitalia -male skeleton and muscle development -male patterns for hair growth -increased RBC production and higher metabolic rate

Question 29

Testosterone (seminiferous tubules)

Answer 29

Necessary for the completion of spermatogenesis

Question 30

Testosterone (anterior pituitary)

Answer 30

Moderate inhibition of pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 31

Oxytocin

Answer 31

Sources: manufactured by hypothalamus Stored and relaxed by posterior pituitary -positive feedback mechanisms: 1.childbirth-stretching of uterus and cervix 2. Suckling- milk letdown reflex

Question 32

Oxytocin (uterus)

Answer 32

Stimulates contraction of uterine myometrium causing lowering of fetus and labor

Question 33

Oxytocin (Breasts)

Answer 33

-stimalest contraction of milk ducts and sinuses, releasing milk

Question 34

Prolactin

Answer 34

Source: anterior pituitary Targets: breasts-stimulates alveoli of breasts to produce milk Regulation-release of prolactin by anterior pituitary is regulated by hypothalamus production of prolactin releasing hormone(PRH) and prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 35

Human chorionic gonadotopin

Answer 35

Source: trophoblasts of blastocyst and chorion Targets: corpus luteum -maintains corpus luteum and causes it to continue producing progesterone in the absence of LH through first four months of pregnancy till placenta produces sufficient estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy