Hormones, ppt Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Somatotropin

Use, drugs

Answer

A

Use:

growth promoter?, to increase milk production, meat quality
replacement therapy
growth-hormone responsive alopecia in dog

Drugs:

Recombinant biosynthetic human GH, SC 0.1unit/kg 3 times/week
Somatrem: synthetic GH + one additionam meth. slow release inj. formulation

Question 2

Q

Somatotropin

GH inhibition

Answer

A

Overproduction excess of GH: Acromegaly or giantism

Synthetic somatostain analogues: Octreotide, Lanreotide
Dopaminergig agents: Cabergoline
Pegvisomant (Somavert): GH receptor antagonist, inhibition of IGF-1 synthesis

Question 3

Q

Corticotropin

Use

Answer

A

To increase glucocorticoid level where its already relatively or absolutely low
cow ketosis
to restore(recall) the function of adrenal cortex (after prolonged use of glucocorticoids)
stimulation test/differential diagnosis of adrenocortical hypo-and/or hyperplasia

Question 4

Q

Corticotropin

drugs

Answer

A

Natura ACTH with porcine origin

depot preparations are available for IM injections
Disadvantages:
short half life (15min), immunogenicity, orally ineffective)
Synthetic products without antigenic hazard:
Tetracosactride, Cosyntropin

CRH: synthetic human and ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone

use: CRH stimulation test

Question 5

Q

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Effect, Use

Answer

A

Effect: it increases iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the production and secretion of thyroid hormones

Use:

in research
treatment of Acanthosis nigricans
to diagnose primary hypothyroidism TSH or biosynthetic

Question 6

Q

ADH, Vasopressin

Use, Preparations

Answer

A

Use:

diagnosis and treatment of total and partial central diabetes insipidus (DI)
separation from diabetes mellitus (DM) - differential diagnosis

Preparations:

Natural vasopressin nasal spray (short duration of action, local irritation, low PO bioavailability)
Synthetic analogue Desmopressin (with longer duration of action) injectible SC, oral and nasal spray dosage available
Other possibility: Chlorpropamide (oral sulfonylurea antidiabetics) PO
In DI Thiazide diuretics may be used, paradoxical action

Question 7

Q

Overproduction of ADH = SIADH

preparations

Answer

A

Conivaptan: only IV (less selective, also V1)
Tolvaptan and Lixivaptan: V2 receptor selective antagonists. PO

Non-specific drugs:

Demeclocycline derivate of Tetracycline
Lithium derivate of antidepressants

Question 8

Q

Lack of insulin results in:

Answer

A

Glucose intolerance, hyperglyceamia, glucosuria
PU/PD, saluresis (Na, K)
weight loss
incomplete fat metabolism –> increased plasma FFA –> ketoacidosis –> Coma = complicated form of DM

Question 9

Q

Insulin

Use

Answer

A

to treat DM (dog and cat)
ketosis and fatty liver in cattle which are non-responsive to glucose or glucorticoid therapy alone (200-300 IU of Protamine Zinc Insulin)

Question 10

Q

Classification of insulin containing items according to:

Answer

A

Origin:

Natural: bovine or porcine
bio-synthetic: gene transfer

Purity: purification eg. by column-chromatography
Formulation: rapid-depot, Semilente-lente-ultralente

Regular (Crystalline zinc, soluble) insulin: Rapid onset, short duration of action, depends on route of admin: IV (4-8), SC, IM
Insulin Zinc Suspension (Lente insulin) Caninsulin: Higher Zn content + acetate buffer, suspension, intermediate duration, crystalline more prolonged (12-24 hr).
Protamine Zinc Insulin (PZI): suspension of insulin modified by addition of protamine sulphate and zinz chlroide in buffered water - duration 24-36 hr.
Isophane insulin (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn =NPH): suspension of zinc insulin crystals and protamine zinc in buffered water - cloudy milky suspension, duration 12-30 hr. (possible BID application)
Surfen insulin: long activity - aminoquinuride surfactant

Question 11

Q

Insulin

side effects, interactions

Answer

A

Side effects:

acute hypoglycaemia: excessive insulin dose or inadequate food intake
Somogyi rebound effect: hypoglycaemia induced hyperglyceamoa due to compensatory release of insulin-antagonistic hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, growth hormone)
allergic reactions, antibody formation

Interactions:

drugs which reduce hypoglycaemic activity: glucocoticoids, dobutamin, oestrogen/progesterone, xylazine, thiazide diuretics
Drugs which increase hypoglycaemia activity: anabolic steroids, beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol), MAO inhibitors, phenylbutazone, salicylates, alcohol

Question 12

Q

Oral antidiabetics

preparations/groups

Answer

A

(orally active hypoglycaemic drugs)

Mainly used in “Type” insulin non-dependet diabetes. Warnings: hypoglycaemia, serious liver or kidney insufficiency

Preparations:

Sulphonylurea substances
Biguanides
Thiazolidine diones
Acarbos

Question 13

Q

Oral antidiabetics

Sulphonylurea substances

Answer

A

Sulphonylurea substances
Tolbutamide: short action, cardiovascular side effect
Chlorpropamide: long acting (see ADH too)
Metahexamide
Glibenclamide
Glipizide

Action:

release of insulin increase
sensitivity of the cells to insulin increase
number of receptors increase
the binding of insulin to plasma proteins decrease
glucagon releases decrease

Question 14

Q

Oral antidiabetics

Biguanides

Answer

A

Biguanides:

Fenformine
Buformine
Methformine

Action:

Stimulation of the action of insulin (increased utiliztion in cells), decreased oral absorption of glucose

Question 15

Q

Oral antidiabetics

Thiazolidine diones

Answer

A

Thiazolidine diones

Glitazones
Troglitazone, draglitazone

Action:

veterinary experoences are not available
modulation of insul dependet genes, reduction of blood sugar level

Question 16

Q

Oral antidiabetics

Acarbos

Answer

A

Acarbos:

in GI inhibition of the alpha-glycosidase (eg. amylase) activity,
less rapid elevation of blood sugar level after food consumption

Question 17

Q

Preparations for Hypothyroidism

Answer

A

Crude thyroid products (past)
Synthetic preparations:

L-thyroxine/Levothyroxine: Forthyron 200 or 400tabl. Dog, cat, horse, SID, BID. PO
L-thyroxine-Na: dog. Injectable IV or SC
L-tri-iodothyronine (T3, Liothyronine): Dog, TID. PO. Only indicated when Levothyroxine therapy has failed. T3 has more rapid onset and shorted duration (2 days) of action than T4

Question 18

Q

Preparations for Hyperthyroidism

Answer

A

Iodine: before surgery, to block release of T3 and T4
¹³¹I Isotope: highly radioactive, very short half-life (8 days)
Thiouracils

Thiouracil 12 mg/kg: more side effects: emesis, liver, haemolytic aneamia
Propylthiouracil: 5mg/cat 3x
Thiamazole (Methimazole): 5mg/cat 3x. Its prodrug is the Carbamazole.

Question 19

Q

Preparations for treatment of Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons) + side effects

Answer

A

Preparations:

Aldosterone - available only for reaserch
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP): a long acting ester of Desoxycorticosterone acetat (DOCA) - available as a sterile suspension for IM inj. + hydrocortisone/glucocorticoid replacement. Dog
Fludrocortisone acetate: PO, Dog. Every 12 hours orally. Slight glucocorticoid side effect

Side effects:

hypokalaemia
hypernatreamia, water retention
muscle weakness
hypertension
increased susceptibility to inflammation

Question 20

Q

Preparations for treatment of Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

Answer

A

Pituitary-dependent Cushings (K9=85%):

Bromocrptine: dog, horse, daily 2x
Cyproheptadine-HCl (PERITOL syrup dog, horse)

Pituitary-and/or Adrenal-dependent Cushings:

Ketoconazole
Mitotane (LYSODREN): highly effective but toxic
Trilostane (VETORYL capsules/drops): selective inhibition of 3BHSD

Question 21

Q

Hormones affecting reprodution

classification:

Answer

A

Sex steroids:

oestrogens, androgens, gestagens

Other types:

Gn-RH analogues
pituitary and non-pituitary gonadotrophins
prostaglandins
oxytocin
melatonin

Question 22

Q

Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH):

preparations

Answer

A

Synthetic forms and anlouges are available (nonapeptides)

Application: SC, IM, IV (only Eq), SC implants for chemical sterilization

Preparations:

Gonadorelin: horse, cow, swine, rabbit
Buserelin: horse, cow, rabbit
Fertirelin: Cow
Lecirelin: Cow
Deslorelin: Suprelorin SC implant, male dogs, 6 month duration

Question 23

Q

Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH):

Indications, Side effects

Answer

A

Indications: wide range of species

to reduce the time interval from calving to first ovulation
for treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle
to contrl the time of ovulation at the end of prostaglandin or progestogen synchronisation schedule
to allow the timing of ovulation and covering to be arranged more prcisely in mares during oestrus –> to maximise the chance of conception and nidation
to provoke ovulation in rabbits
to increase fertility stripping, reducing egg binding
chemical castration

Side effects:

hyperthermia, allergic reaction
corpus luteum cysts
should not be used in pregnant animals (embryo death)
should not be used in starved cachectic animals

Question 24

Q

Non-pituitary gonadotrophins

PMSG, eCG: indications, preparations

Answer

A

Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin

Indications:

Female: to induce follicular growth and ovulation (alone or after pretreatment with progesterone), for superovulation (increase litter size, embryo transfer)
Male: to stimulate speratogenesis and libido

Preparations:

Werfaser inj.
Gonadophyl inj.
Suidan inj. + hCG
Combination with hCG is effectively used for treatment of post-weaning anoestrus in sows.

Question 25

Q

Non-pituitary gonadotrophins

hCG: indications, preparations

Answer

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

Indications:

Females: to cause ovulation in the mare at time of breeding, for the treatment of nymphomania due to cystic ovaries, for ovarian stimulation
Males: in treatment of cryptorchidism

Preparations:

Werfachor inj.
P.G 600 inj.
Nymfalon inj. + progesterone
Suidan inj. + PMSG
Prolan S inj. + oestradiol: in sow to provoke ovulation

Question 26

Q

Oestrogens

indications, side-effects:

Answer

A

Indications:

Females:

to control reproduction is limited
in the treatment of uterine infections
inhibition of nidation - misalliance in the bitch
to treat urinary incontinence and dermatitis in old ovariextomised bitches
to diminish (or stop) lavttion in bitches and cats
to treat cattle having persistent CL due to certain cases

Males:

anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour

Side effects:

in cow: postparturient straining with prolapse of vagina, uterus
in dog: aneamia, endometritis
ovarian suppression and hypoplasia -> ovarian cysts
feminisation in the male
it should not be given to animals with mammary tumours, during pregnancy

Question 27

Q

Oestrogens

preparations

Answer

A

Veterinary preparations:

Oestradiol benzoate inj.
Oestradiol cypionate - ECP inj.
Oestradiol valerate

Combinations:

Prolan-S inj (hCG), Sesoral tabl. (methyltestosterone)
PRID: A Progesterone-releasing intravaginal devide
Crestar SC. implant + Norgestomet

Stilbenes: Diethylstilbestrol, Hexoestrol

synthetic non-steroidal oestrogens, have high oral activity, are not easily metabolised, are carcinogenc –> PROHIBITED!

Zeranol: synthetic analouge of mould toxin Zearalenone with oestrogenic, anabolic activity

Question 28

Q

Anti-oestrogenic compounds:

Answer

A

Aromatase inhibitors of estrogen synhtesis: Anastrozole, letrozole
Oestrogen Receptor Modulators, mixed agonists/antagonists.

Tamoxifen: treatment of oestrogen-dependent mammary tumour
Raloxifen: antagonist in mammary gland and uterus, agonist in bones
Clomiphene: only central (hypothalmic-pituitary) effect

Question 29

Q

Progestogens

Progesterone indication
Types of synthetic preparations

Answer

A

Progesterone indication:

synchronisation
to prevent embryonic death: not satisfactory
to delay parturition: not effective

Synthetic preparations:

Type 1 - 1st generation: MAP, Norgestomet
Type 2 - 2nd generation: Proligeston

Question 30

Q

Progestogens

classification

Answer

A

MAP, FGA, Norgestomet,
Proligestone and Megestrol acetate
Altrenogest (allyl-trenbolone)
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
Antiprogestogens: Aglepristone, dopamin receptor agonists.

Question 31

Q

Progestogens

Medroxy progesterone (MAP): indications, preparations, side effects

Answer

A

Indications:

to control oestrus and ovulation in cyclic ewes
to induce oestrus in anoestrus ewes adminstration as intravaginal sponge : VERAMIX
To inhibit onset of the next oestrus i bitches with mid-oestrus (should not be given in pro-oestrus!): Depo-promone inj. , provera tabl.

Side effects: cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mammary tumours

Question 32

Q

Progestogens

Flurogestone acetate (FGA) and Norgestomet

Answer

A

Fluorogestone acetate (FGA)

oestrus synchronisation in wew
Chronogest intravaginal sponge

Norgestomet:

strong gestagen
to induce and synchronise ovulation in heifers and cows
Crestal implant

Question 33

Q

Progestogens:

Proligestone and Megestrol acetate: indications, preparations

Answer

A

Indications:

- Females:

to prevent or suppress oestrus and ovulation in companion animals
Covinan inj., Ovarid tabl.

- in males:

anal adenoma, prostate hyperthrophy, beign tumour
increased sexual activity, strange behaviour

Question 34

Q

Progestogens:

Altrenogest, Melengestrol acetate (MGA): indications, preparations

Answer

A

Altrenogest (allyl trenbolone)

oestrus synchronisation, is used in mares and sows. PO
it is absorbed from skin - use with care

Melengestrol acetate (MGA):

to suppress oestrus in heifers and increase growth (oral) –> banned in EU
side effects: forms cysts –> elevated oestrogen level

Question 35

Q

Antiprogestogens:

Answer

A

–> to terminate pregnancy - abortion

Aglepristone (Alizine): SC, 10mg/kg, a second dose after 24hr + PGF
Dopamin receptor agonists: Bromocriptine, Cabergoline - Prolactin inhibition –> less progesterone secretion by CL.

Question 36

Q

Androgens

indications, preparations

Answer

A

Indications:

treatment of infertility, hypogonadism, aspermia, decreased libido. response is rater unsatisfactory
hormonal alopecia, certain mammary tumours
to treat androgen deficiency in old castrated dogs
androgenised cows for detection of oestrus in cattle and sheep

Preparations:

Andriol caps. : testosterone undecanoate
Retandrol mg oil inj.: testosterone phenylpropionate
Sesoral tabl: methyltestosterone and etinyl-oestradiol

Question 37

Q

Anabolic steroids

indications, preparations, side effects

Answer

A

–> Stanozole, Nandrolone, Metandienone

Indiations:

in ageing animal or patient with chronic diseases, polytrauma, etc. suffering from weight loss
to promote recovery from debilitatind disease
stimulation of erythropoietin, bone regeneration
not for growth performance –> influence performance

Preparations:

Stromba tabl: stanozolole
Nerobol tabl: Metandienone
Nerobolil and Retabolil inj.: Nandrolone

Side effects:

vasoconstriction, heart failure, impotence, sperm deformity

Question 38

Q

Anti-androgens

preparations

Answer

A

Ciproterone

Delmadinon

Question 39

Q

Prostaglandins

synthetic analogues, indication, side effects

Answer

A

synthetic analouges:

Alfaprostol
PGF_2alfa - Dinoprost: Dinolytic
Cloprostenol: Remophan, Estrumate, Planate
Luprostiol: Prosolvin
Etiproston: Prostavet-C

Indications:

oestrus synchronisation (mares, cows, ewes, goats)
to induce parturition (sows, mares, cows with glucocorticoids)
for abortion
for treatment of pyometra

Side-effects:

colic disorders, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea
bronchoconstriction
abortion

Question 40

Q

Uterine stimulating agents and indications:

Answer

A

Oxytocin
prostaglandins
ergot alkaloids
cholinergic - parasympathetic drugs

Indications:

during prolonged parturition
to promote involution (flaccid uterus)
for post-parturient heamorrhage

Question 41

Q

Oxytocin

indications, preparations, side-effects

Answer

A

Indications:

uterine interia: during delivery in all species
retention of eggs (birds and reptiles)
after parturition
milk let down (mastitis)
with special care: after c-section, after reposition of prolapsed uterine

Preparations:

Synthetic oxytocin: IV (slowly or 1:10 dilution), IM, SC.
sow: intra nasal spray
mare, cow, botch, quenn: injection
Fast metabolism: T1/2_el = 1-6 min
PO inactive, F=0
Carbetocin (Depotocin inj.)
synthetic analouge of oxytocin
much longer half-life (less frequent inj. once daily)

Question 42

Q

Ergot alkaloids

indication, preparations

Answer

A

Indications:

Ergotoxin: not used, tetany-like spasmodic effect
Ergotamine: only after parturition
Ergometrine:
potent uterine stimulant
rarely used during parturution
post-partum (haemorrhage, retained placenta) promotes the expulsion of the contents of the uterus

Preparations:

Methyl-ergometrine: without strong vascoconstrictor activity. Mare, cow, bitch. IM

Question 43

Q

Prostaglandins

preparations, side effects

Answer

A

Preparations:

Etiproston: Cow. IM
Luprostiol: Mare, sow, cow. IM
Dinoporst: mare, cow, sow,. IM

Side effects:

colic disorders
nausea, vomitting, diarrhea
bronchoconstriction

Question 44

Q

Uterine relaxing agents

groups, indications

Answer

A

Groups:

Beta2-adrenoceptr agonist (most significant)
Antispasmodics
Phenotiazines
Anticholinergics, eg atropine

Indications:

to prevent abortion?
to suppress contractions during
correction of mapresentation, during embryotomy, obstetrical manouevers

Question 45

Q

Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists

indications, preparations

Answer

A

Indications:

facilitating of obstetrical manouevers,
replacement of prolapsed uterus,
recovery of embryo from donors,
handling of uterus during c-section

Preparations:

Isoxuprine
side effects: tachycardia, vasodilation, tremor, sweating
- alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist
IM
Clenbuterol: (PLANIPART inj.)
cow, once IM or slowly IV
Terbutaline: (BRICANYL)
same side ffects, but more transient

Question 46

Q

Uterine relaxing agents:

the other preparations except beta2-adrenoceptor…

Answer

A

- Vetrabutin: (MONZALDON inj.) IM

papaverine-like drug
interrupts contractions caused by oxytocin
not as effective as Clenbuterol
contra-indicated in cats!
Denaverine: (SENSIBLEX inj.) SC, IM
toco-spasmolytic effect: elimination of intensive contractions of uterus, relaxing of cervix
Proquamezine, aminopromazine: (MYSPAMOL, Jenotone, inj. tabl.)
phenothiazine dericate
relaxes myometrium and cervix
indications: reposition of prolapsed uterine, spasms of urinary tract or esophagus
sheep, cow, horse