Hormones - in SBN and Mesolimbic System

Question 1

What are the 2 main groups of hormones?

Answer 1

Water Soluble
Fat soluble

Question 2

Name 2 water soluble hormones

Answer 2

Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Epinephrine
Non-epinephrine
Thymosin
Melatonin
Calcitonin

Question 3

Name 2 fat soluble hormones

Answer 3

Steroid hormones (Oestrogen, cortisol etc)

Testosterone
Cortisol
Thyroxine

Question 4

Which group of hormones enter the cell without facilitation?

Answer 4

Fat soluble hormones

Question 5

What are hormones

Answer 5

Any substance that acts at the cellular level to initiate, stop, or modulate a cellular process

Question 6

Do hormones generate behaviour?

Answer 6

No - they create homeostatic states conductive for its occurrence

(Hormones increase the chance that the organism will show a particular behaviour but does NOT generate it)

Question 7

What are 2 cellular things that hormones change?

Answer 7

Gene Expression
Cellular Function

Question 8

What are the 3 main systems that hormones influence?

Answer 8

Input System
Integrator System
Effector System

Question 9

What are input systems?

Answer 9

Sensory systems - translate environmental cues into signals

Question 10

What is the Integrator system

Answer 10

The CNS that integrates sensory input with endogenous activity

Question 11

What are effector systems?

Answer 11

Neuromuscular system - that perform the responses

Question 12

What is the oxytocin receptor called?

Answer 12

Oxtr

Question 13

What are the two main classifications of vasopressin receptors?

Answer 13

Avpr1 (V1)
Avpr2 (V2)

Question 14

What are the 2 subtypes of Avpr1 (V1)

Answer 14

Avpr1a
Avpr1b

Question 15

Where is Avpr1a found and its function

Answer 15

In a variety of brain nuclei
implicated in regulation of numerous social beahviours

Question 16

Where is Avpr1b found and its function

Answer 16

anterior pituitary
associated with stress adaptation, aggressive behaviour, and social memory

Question 17

What evidence suggests that Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) modulates social behaviour plasticity?

Answer 17

AVP, OT and nonmammalian homologues’ receptors are present in different nodes of the SBN (Social behaviour network)

Question 18

What are 3 sex steroids in vertebrate hormone families?

Answer 18

Testosterone
Oestradoil
Progesterone

Question 19

What are two examples of stress steroids?

Answer 19

Cortisol (In humans and fish)
Corticosterone (Rodents)

Question 20

What are some examples of neurohormones in vertebrates?

Answer 20

Arginine (vasopressin) - AVP in mammals
Arginine vasotocin - AVT in non-mammals
Oxytocin - OT in mammals
Mesotocin - in birds, reptiles, amphibians

Question 21

How do water-soluble hormones enable cellular activity?

Answer 21

1 = Water-soluble hormones are membrane insoluble – bind to membrane receptors
2 = this binding activates a G protein
3 = G protein then activates the Adenylyl cylase
4 = Adenylyl cyclase causes conversion of ATP into cAMP
5 = cAMP activates protein kinase
6 = Protein kinase phosphorylates proteins in the cytoplasm – activates the proteins to alter cell activity

Question 22

How do lipid-soluble hormones enable cellular activity?

Answer 22

1 = lipid-soluble hormones DIFFUSE through plasma membrane of cell
2 = Hormone then binds with receptor in cytoplasm - forms receptor-hormone complex
3 = receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus - triggers gene transcription
4 = Transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity

Question 23

What G-protein vasopressin receptor is associated with aggression, stress and social memory?

Answer 23

AVPR1b

found in anterior pituitary

Question 24

What vasopressin receptor is responsible for social communication?

Answer 24

AVPR1a

found in brain nuclei