Hormones - in SBN and Mesolimbic System Flashcards
What are the 2 main groups of hormones?
Water Soluble
Fat soluble
Name 2 water soluble hormones
Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Epinephrine
Non-epinephrine
Thymosin
Melatonin
Calcitonin
Name 2 fat soluble hormones
Steroid hormones (Oestrogen, cortisol etc)
Testosterone
Cortisol
Thyroxine
Which group of hormones enter the cell without facilitation?
Fat soluble hormones
What are hormones
Any substance that acts at the cellular level to initiate, stop, or modulate a cellular process
Do hormones generate behaviour?
No - they create homeostatic states conductive for its occurrence
(Hormones increase the chance that the organism will show a particular behaviour but does NOT generate it)
What are 2 cellular things that hormones change?
Gene Expression
Cellular Function
What are the 3 main systems that hormones influence?
Input System
Integrator System
Effector System
What are input systems?
Sensory systems - translate environmental cues into signals
What is the Integrator system
The CNS that integrates sensory input with endogenous activity
What are effector systems?
Neuromuscular system - that perform the responses
What is the oxytocin receptor called?
Oxtr
What are the two main classifications of vasopressin receptors?
Avpr1 (V1)
Avpr2 (V2)
What are the 2 subtypes of Avpr1 (V1)
Avpr1a
Avpr1b
Where is Avpr1a found and its function
In a variety of brain nuclei
implicated in regulation of numerous social beahviours
Where is Avpr1b found and its function
anterior pituitary
associated with stress adaptation, aggressive behaviour, and social memory
What evidence suggests that Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) modulates social behaviour plasticity?
AVP, OT and nonmammalian homologues’ receptors are present in different nodes of the SBN (Social behaviour network)
What are 3 sex steroids in vertebrate hormone families?
Testosterone
Oestradoil
Progesterone
What are two examples of stress steroids?
Cortisol (In humans and fish)
Corticosterone (Rodents)
What are some examples of neurohormones in vertebrates?
Arginine (vasopressin) - AVP in mammals
Arginine vasotocin - AVT in non-mammals
Oxytocin - OT in mammals
Mesotocin - in birds, reptiles, amphibians
How do water-soluble hormones enable cellular activity?
1 = Water-soluble hormones are membrane insoluble – bind to membrane receptors
2 = this binding activates a G protein
3 = G protein then activates the Adenylyl cylase
4 = Adenylyl cyclase causes conversion of ATP into cAMP
5 = cAMP activates protein kinase
6 = Protein kinase phosphorylates proteins in the cytoplasm – activates the proteins to alter cell activity
How do lipid-soluble hormones enable cellular activity?
1 = lipid-soluble hormones DIFFUSE through plasma membrane of cell
2 = Hormone then binds with receptor in cytoplasm - forms receptor-hormone complex
3 = receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus - triggers gene transcription
4 = Transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
What G-protein vasopressin receptor is associated with aggression, stress and social memory?
AVPR1b
found in anterior pituitary
What vasopressin receptor is responsible for social communication?
AVPR1a
found in brain nuclei
