hormones and endocrine

Question 1

methods, results, and implications of first study of hormones

Answer 1

done by berthold in 1849
did loss of function with roosters
3 conditions: regular growing, losing testes, losing then getting testes back
growing w testes and getting testes back grew normally, no testes didnt develop well

Question 2

exocrine 
endocrine 
neurocrine 
autocrine 
paracrine 
pheromone 
allomone

Answer 2

exocrine: hormones outside body (sweat)
endocrine: hormones in the blood stream
neurocrine: neurons that secrete agonists
autocrine: cells that release signal to itself
paracrine: cell that is released and affects others close to it
pheromone: within species messenger
allomone: btwn species/organism messenger

Question 3

principles of hormone function, how its diff from neurotransmitter function

Answer 3

hormones function in a slow acting way (can be hours or weeks before theyre felt).
beh can shape how hormones are released
often a variety of targets and afects that a hormone can have
require smth to bind to

Question 4

role of hypothalamus in controlling endocrine syst

Answer 4

hypothalamus is meeting point btwn nervous syst and endocrine syst
synapses onto the blood stream instead of other neurons
hypothalamus has neuroendocrine cells and neurosecretory cells
hormone and NT example is smth like epinephrine or norepinephrine
neuroendocrine cells are like nerve cells that also make hormones

Question 5

three basic hormone types and size/plasma membrane permeability

Answer 5

peptide: large and permeable to plasma membrane (FSH and LH)
amine: small and semi permeable to plasma memb (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
steroid: permeable to plasma membrane (estrogen and progestin)

Question 6

hormone receptor types

Answer 6

at membrane (GPCR): faster entry for hormones. useful for some peptides and amines 
intracellular (transcription factor): slower

Question 7

methods for studying hormones and their receptors

Answer 7

radioimmunoassay: measures by blood sample. add antibodies and it tells the amount of hormones in the blood
autoradiography: radioactive labelled hormone moves around and binds to targets, put photo paper on the slide and anywhere there is radioactive it will imprint on the paper. shows where binding
immunohistochem: creating an antibody for the receptor. usually is aiming to bind to hormone receptor. cytochem is in pitridish, histochem is in slices
in situ hyridization: complementary strands of DNA and add fluorescent tag to whenever it binds to the RNA of interest it shows location, where it is expressed and if the cell has a receptor at all

Question 8

anatomy of pituitary and how it relates to funct

Answer 8

pituitary is on the other side of the nervous syst/endocrine intersection

ant: hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads. responsible for growth
post: water and salt balance

Question 9

pathway of transmission for hypo to target cells, including all intermediary hormones

Answer 9

posterior pit: hypothalamus has neuroendocrine cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei -> axons travel down inunidibulum to post pit -> these hypothalamic axons terminate on capillaries -> axons release oxytocin and vasopressin into blood
ant pit: hypothalamus neuroendocrine cells terminate at median eminence -> hypo releases releasing hormone -> releasing hormone is carried via hypophoseal portal veins -> ant pit has it hormone producing cells -> when releasing hormone arrives ant pit cells release tropic hormones -> tropic travels to glands and causes further hormone release.
basic: releasing hormone from hypothalamus -> tropic hormones (ant pit gland) -> hormones (gland) -> target

Question 10

describe adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, gonads

Answer 10

adrenal gland: corticosteroids (stress management)
thyroid gland: thyroid hormones (regulate metabolic rate)
pineal gland: melatonin (info from dark-light stages for sleep)
gonads: androgens, estrogen, progestin (gamete production, sex hormone production)

Question 11

mechanisms though which oxytocin and vasopressin can influence beh including approaches

Answer 11

iguanas will do pushups based on hormones
voles (prarie and metavoles). prarie are monogamous whereas metavoles are polyamorous. metavoles have less oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 12

are pheremones relevant to human exp

Answer 12

human exp no. current tech allows people to be trans and non binary and experience the world through that lens
SRY and AMH mutations can resukt in intersex

Question 13

dual pathway of stress and adrenal gland. does it affect beh

Answer 13

animals: yes
humans: no
some T is required for male sexual interest

Question 14

sex vs gender vs sexuality

Answer 14

sex: genetics more
gender: how person identifies
sexuality: variety

Question 15

organizational effects of sex hormones on development

Answer 15

y chrom: sex determining region (SRY) causes the testes to form
testes release T and anti mullerian hormone (AMH) which creates the male phenotype

Question 16

fair to say XY is chrom is bio male

Answer 16

biologically yes

Question 17

meaningful differences in sex as related to our bio, physio, and pathology

Answer 17

metabolism is major diff, mens tends to be faster
women tend to take pain better
women are more likely to develop alzheimers, depression, lung cancer
men more likely for addiction, commit suicide, parkinsons

Question 18

research implicating sex hormone in beh and cognition

Answer 18

in animals estrogens can androgens can mediate beh in humans not so much.
levels can predict aggression in males
T also changes in humans when their preferred team wins a game

Question 19

evidence linking sexual orientation and hormones

Answer 19

homosexuality in hundreds of species
men there is some diff in hypothalamic differences in homos
homo can be seen in fraternal birth order