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Primate Behavior 2 > Hormones and Behavior > Flashcards

Hormones and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are elevated/altered by

A
  • age
  • ecological cues
  • social factors
  • trauma
  • illness
  • nutrition
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2
Q

3 kinds of spirits

A
  1. animals
  2. vital
  3. natural
    - the relationship between brain and behavior is regulated by “body humors” or hormones
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3
Q

Portal blood vessels

  • connects what
  • who discovered its function
  • posterior pit?
A
  • connects hypothalamus (brain base) to anterior pituitary
  • Used to think the portal was for hormones in pituitary to fuse into the brain
  • Geoffrey Harris proposed the opposite: hypothalamus makes releasing hormones go through blood vessels to pituitary - rest of body
  • brain controls hormones
  • posterior pit hormones don’t require this
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4
Q

adrenal glad

A
  • secretes cortisol

- stress hormone

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5
Q

CRH axis

A
  • hypothal: CRH
  • ant pit: ACTH
  • adrenal: cortisol
  • cortisol has negative feedback on the hypothalamus and ant pit
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6
Q

GnRH axis

A
  • hypothal: GnRH
  • ant pit: LH, FSH
  • ovaries/testes: E and P/T
  • E and P have negative feedback on hypothalamus and ant pit
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7
Q

gonads

A
  • secrete testosterone (males)
  • secrete E and P (females)
  • reproduction hormones
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8
Q

changes caused by hormones

A
  • acute changes
  • chronic changes
  • rhythmic changes (diurnal, monthly, annually)
  • timing of puberty
  • duration and success of pregnancy
  • biology of aging (senescence) - aging clock
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9
Q

male reproduction characteristics

A
  • dominance and aggression

- testosterone increases

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10
Q

activities that affect testosterone levels

A
  • dominance: in higher ranking males T inc
  • wounding/trauma T dec
  • group size/group complexity - depends
  • mating season - increase T
  • presence of females
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11
Q

study of hierarchy and testosterone levels

  • study system
  • findings
A
  • squirrel monkeys

- monkey winning squabble for higher rank had higher T levels

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12
Q

Coe study about Testosterone

A

-testosterone increases within 24 hours of pairing in squirrel monkeys

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13
Q

T daily rhythm in males

A
  • rises at night - best time to study monkeys

- falls throughout the day

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14
Q

pattern of male sexuality in rhesus macaques

A

-males only produce active sperm during the months when females are actually fertile

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15
Q

pattern of male sexuality in male gorillas

A
  • male libido is generally low

- females initiate most sexual contact

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16
Q

pattern of male sexuality in male chimpanzees

A
  • male sexual motivation is high

- male initiates sexual contact

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17
Q

menstrual influences

A
  • on male behavior and hormones
  • on other females (synchrony)
  • social cues
  • ovariectomized (brought into estrus out of breeding season)
  • estrogen facilitates
  • progesterone inhibits
  • attractiveness, receptivity, proceptivity
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18
Q

3 characteristics of estrus

A
  • attractiveness
  • proceptivity - female initiative
  • receptibity - designed to facilitate copulation itself
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19
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A
  • follicular phase: follicle matures due to increased FSH from ant pit; estradiol increases
  • Luteal: increasing estradiol causes LH surge; ovulation occurs; CL forms and makes progesterone; goes away if not pregnant
20
Q

reproduction in marmosets and tamarins

A
  • reproductive suppression
  • social behavior and olfactory cues
  • GABA can inhibit secretion of hormones at the hypothalamus level
21
Q

detecting hormone levels

A
  • blood
  • saliva - 1/10
  • urine - metabolites
  • fecal - metabolites
  • hair - longer time frame
22
Q

lemur

  • puberty
  • gestation
  • birth interval
A
  • puberty: 1-2yr
  • gestation: 2-4 mo
  • birth interval: 1 yr
23
Q

monkeys

  • puberty
  • gestation
  • birth interval
A
  • puberty: 3-4 yr
  • gestation: 5-7 mo
  • birth interval: 1-2 yr
24
Q

apes

  • puberty
  • gestation
  • birth interval
A
  • puberty: 10-14 yr
  • gestation: 8mo
  • birth interval: 4-8 yr
25
Q

humans

  • puberty
  • gestation
  • birth interval
A
  • puberty: 12-18 yr
  • gestation: 9mo
  • birth interval: 4 yr
26
Q

mating/birthing times of year

A
  • dry season: mate

- wet season: birth

27
Q

behavioral changes during pregnancy

A
  • lethargy
  • sexual abstinence
  • eating and drinking changes
28
Q

B marriot

A
  • studied changing associations and ranging
  • observed that older females hang out with more females
  • less play with age (pimparious females)
29
Q

duration of pregnancy

  • prosimians
  • monkeys
  • apes
A
  • prosimians: 2-4 mo
  • monkeys: 5.5-7 mo
  • Apes: 8 mo
30
Q

Twinning

A
  • rare
  • less common in apes than it is in humans
  • 1/60-80 births
31
Q

hemochorial placenta

A
  • penetrates deeply into uterus
  • very small distance between baby blood and mother’s blood
  • when women/primates gibe birth - more blood b/c more of uterus is coming out
32
Q

physiological changes

A
  • water needs increase

- hormone levels change

33
Q

increase in water needs

A
  • water makes up 50% of blood volume
  • may be why monkey’s give birth during the rainy season
  • huge change in blood volume because of increased consumption - can cause high BP
34
Q

Hormones before conception

A
  • progesterone comes from CL on ovary

- CL regresses if there is no pregnancy

35
Q

Egg maturation

A
  • secondary follicle released

- egg fully matures after fusing with sperm

36
Q

Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

-in NW primates, CG is released from placenta during the middle of pregnancy; subsides at the end of pregnancy

37
Q

Cortisol

A
  • liberates glucose and makes it available for baby

- inhibits parts of the immune system that would reject baby

38
Q

Estrogen

A
  • rises until birth
  • maintains pregnancy
  • stimulates breast tissue to be ready to make milk
39
Q

Progesterone

A
  • rises until birth
  • maintains pregnancy
  • keeps uterus from contracting before its the right time
40
Q

Prolactin

A
  • begins to rise right before birth

- stimulates milk production

41
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • surge right during/after birth
  • induces contractions for birth
  • also triggered by suckling
  • bonding hormone
42
Q

Chimpanzees in captivity when pregnant

A
  • spend more time sitting, less time traveling
  • usually travel 6-10 mi per day
  • alone in nature during pregnancy
  • pull away from younger chimps, gravitate toward other females in social group
43
Q

length of paturition

A
  • usually happens at night

- 0.5-3/4 hrs

44
Q

orientation of baby upon birth

A
  • head first

- feet first - usually still birth

45
Q

monkey sizes

A
  • gorilla is about 3 lbs

- chimpanzee is 7-8 lbs

46
Q

placentophagia

A
  • avoid predation
  • hormones
  • nutrients
  • remove baby
  • blood transfusion
47
Q

JD

A
  • first time mother

- did everything wrong, baby died

Primate Behavior 2 (6 decks)

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