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Primate Behavior 2 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what latitude range do most primates live in?

A
  • 10 degrees north and south of equator

- rarely dip into temperate zones

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2
Q

example of primate that lives in temperate zone

A
  • japanese macaque

- eats bark and pinecones because food is limited in the winter

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3
Q

squirrel monkey - distribution

A

-amazon
-central america
-costa rica
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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4
Q

cotton topped tamarin - distribution

A

-north western Colombia

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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5
Q

uakari - distribution

A

-lives on 2 sides of amazon
-Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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6
Q

baboon - distribution

A

-subsaharan Africa
-South Africa
-successful species
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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7
Q

geleta and hamadryas baboon - distribution

A

-central eastern Africa

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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8
Q

talapoin monkey - distribution

A

-central western Africa

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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9
Q

chimpanzee - distribution

A

-central Africa
-equator/rainforest
SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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10
Q

golden-lion tamarin - distribution

A

-Brazil
-endangered
SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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11
Q

owl monkey - distribution

A

-south america

LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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12
Q

nocturnal or diurnal foraging activity - prosimians vs monkeys

A
  • prosimians: nocturnal

- monkeys: diurnal (except owl monkey - successful because there are no prosimians in south america)

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13
Q

Habitats with monkeys

A
  1. Rainforest
  2. Deciduous seasonal forest/temperate woodland
  3. Montane forest
  4. Grassland savannah/woodland mosaic-desert
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14
Q

rainforest habitat

-carrying capacity?

A
  • equator

- highest carrying capacity

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15
Q

montane forest

-which monkey?

A

-mountain gorilla

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16
Q

grassland savannah

  • which monkeys?
  • problem?
A
  • galago
  • macaques
  • vervet
  • hamadryas baboon
  • gelata baboon
  • *ground predator exposure
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17
Q

top canopy

-which monkey

A

-spider monkey

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18
Q

middle canopy

-which monkey

A

-capuchin (pushed intelligence to live here)

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19
Q

niches - categories

A
  • insectivores
  • sapivores
  • frugivores
  • folivores
  • opportunistic omnivores
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20
Q

insectivores

A

-smaller primates

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21
Q

sapivores

A
  • lemurs

- pygmy marmoset

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22
Q

frugivores

A
  • orangutan

- pretty much all monkeys like fruit

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23
Q

folivores

A
  • all primates

- especially spider monkey

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24
Q

opportunistic omnivore

A

-chimpanzees - predator for red colobus monkeys

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25
Q

George Schaller (1963)

A
  • primate and field ecology research

- mountain gorilla

26
Q

percent of leaves in diet - graph

A
  • x axis: body weight
  • y axis: percent of leaves in diet
  • galago–>tamarin–>macaque–>chimp–>gorilla
27
Q

adaptations for vegetarianism

  • sportive lemur
  • langur/howler
  • colobus
  • gorilla
A
  • sportive lemur: copophagia
  • langur/howler: elongated intestine
  • colobus: sacculated stomach
  • gorilla: long digestive tract
28
Q

plant adaptations to limit consumption

  • new leaves?
  • sunlight?
  • monkey examples (5)
A
  • chemicals that must be tolerated by monkeys
  • new leaves have more difficult to digest chemicals
  • sunlight can increase chemicals
  • howler monkey: can eat new leaves, red leaves and sun leaves
  • bamboo and gentle lemur
  • aye aye - coconuts and bark
  • tarsier can spin head 180 degrees
  • chimps and self-medication
29
Q

extreme example of monkey adaptations to plant chemicals

A
  • bamboo and gentle lemur
  • bamboo-cyanide
  • gentle lemur is a bamboo specialist; should be dead based on amount it consumes
  • 500 mg; 12x lethal dose
30
Q

chimpanzees and self-medication

A

-eat certain plants to get rid of parasites

31
Q

finding food in large groups

A

-food is predictable, clumped and abundant

32
Q

finding food in small groups/solitarily

A

-food is unpredictable dispersed and sparse

33
Q

K strategists

A
  • primates have less offspring
  • want them to survive
  • stable and predictable
  • slow development
  • high offspring investment
  • *Larger primates
34
Q

R strategists

A
  • choose to adapt to world by having lots of children
  • high infant mortality
  • variable, unpredictable
  • low offspring investment
  • *marmosets and tamarins kind of
35
Q

seasonal breeding

A
  • common in monkeys

- births oriented to wet season when there is more food

36
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • fewer speices in fragmented forest compared to undisturbed forest
  • decreases with disturbance
  • south america blackwater forest
37
Q

South American Blackwater forest

A
  • low carrying capacity because of nutrient runoff into the water
  • the white water forests have a higher carrying capacity
38
Q

What percent of monkey’s diet is composed of leaves?

A
  • 20%

- need special adaptations to eat more than that

39
Q

different types of frugivores - good and bad things about them

A
  • speed predators: reduce overabundance; destroy seeds

- seed dispersers: helpful to trees; don’t get digested

40
Q

extreme environments

A
  • dry grassland
  • high altitude
  • harsh habitat
  • urban environment
  • ocean
  • rivers
41
Q

monkeys that live in dry grassland + characteristics

A
  • gelada baboon
  • forage grass and seeds during the day
  • sleep on rocks at night
42
Q

monkeys that live in high altitude with snow and high seasonality

A
  • japanese snow monkey

- golden monkeys in China - eat pinecones

43
Q

monkeys that live in harsh habitats

A
  • Sifaka
  • very sharp terrain; dry
  • tsingy nature reserve in northern madagascar
44
Q

monkeys that live in urban environments

A

-India - live on the streets

45
Q

monkey that lives in/near the ocean

A

-crab-eating macaque

46
Q

monkey that lives in/near river

A

-proboscis monkey

47
Q

squirrel monkey example about carrying capacity

A
  • squirrel monkey dealer put too many monkeys on an island
  • number of squirrel monkeys decreased when it was expected to increase
  • carrying capacity was not big enough
48
Q

what time of year do lemurs give birth during

A

-November to January

49
Q

Sympatric Species vs Allopatric Speices

A
  • sympatric: organisms evolve from the same ancestor into different species in the same location
  • allopatric: organisms evolve from similar ancestors into different species in different locations
50
Q

example of sympatric species living together

  • number of speices studied
  • location
  • name of researcher
  • adaptations
  • type of distribution; food
A
  • case study of 8 species in Suriname
  • tamarin, squirrel monkey
  • spider monkey
  • howler monkey
  • 2 species of saki
  • 2 species of capuchin
  • Russ Mittermier; Raleighvallen Voltzberg
  • vertical and horizontal distribution; not directly competing - bigger primates are higher up and smaller primates are lower down
  • different food specializations - squirrel monkeys (understory-bugs), bigger monkeys (leaves)
51
Q

predatory-prey study - African Savannah

  • main predators
  • total kills
  • findings?
A
  • looked at total number of kills (46,0000)
  • 75 baboons killed
  • main prey: fossa, striped civet, yellow-billed kite, ground boa
  • other predators: leopards, lions, hyenas, crocodiles, python
  • baboons are not the primary food source - successful
52
Q

Birds of prey in Guyana

A
  • good predators
  • killed 47 monkeys of 141 kills
  • 1 cebid monkey per month
53
Q

Ecuadorian hunter/gatherer tribe

A
  • 3 year time period
  • 562 wooly monkeys, 246 howler
  • eat them
54
Q

Chimpanzees as predators

  • what do they eat?
  • what increases success?
A
  • eat red colobus monkeys

- number of hunters in the part increases percent success

55
Q

anti-predator defenses

A
  • cryptic hiding
  • leaping locomotion
  • large groups
  • multi-male groups
  • communication and social strategies
  • higher reproductive rate to overcome mortality
56
Q

Parasite Avoidance in baboons

  • person who observed it
  • location
  • parasite name
  • mechanism
A
  • Glenn Hausfater
  • Amboseli
  • avoided life cycle of intestinal parasite called strongyloides
  • parasite takes 2-3 days to hatch and is infectious for 4.5 days; neutralized by sun and removal by dung beetles
  • baboons move away and come back in about 9 days when threat of parasite is gone
57
Q

parasite avoidance in capuchins

A
  • high percent of monkeys carry parasites

- groom each other to remove ticks and check for parasites

58
Q

GI parasites in Howler monkeys - study

  • study question
  • researcher
  • findings
A
  • are parasites worse in disturbed forest than undisturbed forest?
  • collected fecal matter and looked for parasites
  • found that parasite load is higher in disturbed forest
59
Q

Microbial exchange across species

  • researcher
  • monkeys studies
A
  • Tony Goldberg
  • looked at fecal matter and realized that there is an exchange of bacteria between humans and animals
  • studied BW colobus, red colobus, red-tailed Guenon
60
Q

Herpes saimari

  • who is affected?
  • how is it transmitted?
  • who is NOT affected?
A
  • latent virus in squirrel monkeys or capuchins
  • vertical transmission (mother–>offspring)
  • infectious and lethal to tamarins and marmosets, spider monkeys and owl monkeys (causes leukemia)
  • this type also doesn’t affect humans
  • possible germ warfare??
61
Q

How primates deal with complex environments

A
  • limit land use

- activity during many parts of the day (cathemeral - diurnal and nocturnal)

62
Q

capuchin vs. chimpanzee - foraging times

-what do they have in common?

A
  • chimps: rainy season
  • capuchin: dry season
  • both opportunistic omnivores

Primate Behavior 2 (6 decks)

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