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Endocrine > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of communications in the body

A 
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Exocrine
Neural
Neuroendocrine
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2
Q

How does endocrine hormone work

A

Carried in blood to the target organ
If no receptor = no response
Receptors have high affinity for hormone

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3
Q

How is action terminated

A

-ve feedback loop

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4
Q

How do paracrine hormone work

A

Acts local to site of synthesis e.g. histamine

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5
Q

How do autocrine hormones work

A

Act on or in the same cell that synthesises e.g. cytokine

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6
Q

How do exocrine hormones work

A

Released from exocrine glands via ducts into the blood

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7
Q

How do nerves transmit information

A

Neuotransmitter released from pre-synaptic neuron
Travels across synaptic cleft to post synaptic cell
Acts locally

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8
Q

How do neuroendocrine hormones work

A

Hormone released by nerves into blood NOT synaptic cleft

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9
Q

What are the different types of endocrine hormone

A

Peptide
Steroid
Amine

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10
Q

What is most common hormone and what is it composed off

A

Peptide hormone

Composed of chains of AA

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones composed off and give example

A

Lipids composed of cholesterol

Oestrogen / progesterone

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12
Q

What are amine hormones composed of and what hormones are produced

A

Amino acid - tryptophan + tyrosine
Tryptophan makes melatonin
Tyrosine makes all others

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13
Q

How are peptide hormones produced

A

Synthesised in ribosome and stored in vesicle in gland as pre-prohormone (large and inactive)
Cleaved in RER to form prohormone = inactive
Packaged into vesicles with proteolytic enzyme in Golgi
Broken down into active hormone + other fragments which are stored till release is triggered

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14
Q

What can be used clinically to measure work of gland and give example

A

Can measure inactive fragment as stay in plasma for longer e.g. C-peptide in DM will indicate endogenous insulin from pancreas

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of peptide hormones

A

Hydrophillic
Dissolve in plasma
Can’t cross membrane so bind to target cell receptor s to initiate a response

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16
Q

How does binding activate a response

A

GPCR pathway - activate 2nd messenger system / ion channel to modify existing protein = rapid response
Tyrosine kinase pathway - altered gene expression giving slower but longer lasting response
Opens or closes channels = hyper or depolarisation

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17
Q

When are steroid hormones synthesised

A

As needed

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18
Q

How are steroids produced

A

Production from chlesterol

Diff enzymes = different product

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19
Q

What enzyme is required to make cortisol and aldosterone

A

21 hydroxylase enzyme

If deficient = adrenal hypoplasia

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20
Q

What is a pre-hormone of androgens which declines with age

A

DHEA

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid

A

Highly lipophilic so cannot be retained in lipid membrane
Poorly soluble do transported with carrier protein such as albumin
Only unbound hormones can diffuse into target cell

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22
Q

Where are sex steroids produced

A

Gonads

23
Q

Where is Vit D3 produced

A

Kidney

24
Q

Where are mineral and glucocorticosteroids produced

A

Adrenal cortex

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones

A

Cross plasma membrane easily
Receptors inside cell activate to repress gene function leading to increase or decrease in protein synthesis
Some bind to membrane receptors and activate via 2 messenger
Lag between hormone release and effect but persists

26
Q

Why do steroids make good anti-inflammatory

A

Switch off proteins that code for inflammation

27
Q

What are examples of amine hormone

A

Catecholamine
Thyroid (T3+T4)
Melatonin

28
Q

What mechanism of action to catecholamine’s have

A

Similar to peptide

HYdrophillic

29
Q

Examples of catecholamines and where are they released from

A

Dopamine - brain
Noradrenaline - neurones
Adrenaline - adrenal medulla

30
Q

What mechanism of action to thyroid hormones have

A

Steroid

31
Q

What do they bind too

A

Thyroxine binding globulin

32
Q

What factors impact on endocrine function

A 
Negative feedback
Neuronal feedback 
Up regulation 
Down regulation 
Antagonism
Permissive
33
Q

What is an example of neuronal feedback

A

Sympathetic system triggers adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

34
Q

What is up regulation

A

After exposure to low hormone get increased number of receptors and increased tissue sensitivity

35
Q

What is an example of antagonism

A

Too much GH = reduced number of insulin receptors so present with DM

36
Q

What is an example of permissive

A

Presence of one hormone enhances another
Thyroid increases receptors for epinephrine = increased lipolysis
Insulin increases GH

37
Q

What is required for monitoring hormones

A

24 hours as levels fluctuates

38
Q

What is the stress response

A

Hypothalamic and pituitary axis activated
Sympathetic nervous system activated
Failure of normal feedback mechanisms

39
Q

What else happens

A

Na and water retention
Suppression of anabolism
Muscle protein loss

40
Q

What does sympathetic do in stress

A

Stimulate catecholamine

Get tachycardia and hypertension

41
Q

What hormones are increased in the stress response

A 
GH
Cortisol
Renin
Aldosterone
Prolactin
ADH
Glucagon
42
Q

What hormones are decreased in the stress response

A

Insulin

Testosterone / oestrogen

43
Q

What hormones have no change

A

TSH / LH / FH

44
Q

Typical features of thyrotoxicosis

A

Hair loss
Pretibial myxoedema
Onchylysis
Bulging eyes - exophthalmos / proptosis

45
Q

Typical features of hypothyroid

A

Hair loss
Cold
Pale skin

46
Q

Typical features of Cushing’s

A 
Central obesity
Wasted limbs 
Moon face
Buffalo hump
Striae
47
Q

Typical features of Addison’s

A

Hyperpigmentation

48
Q

Typical features of Acromegaly

A 
Soft tissue overgrowth
Big jaw (macrognathia)
Big hands and feet
Thick skin
Coarse facial features
49
Q

Typical features of hyperandrogism

A

Hirsutism
Temporal balding
Acne

50
Q

Typical features of hypopituitarism

A

Pale or yellow thin skin

Fine wrinkling around eyes and mouth

51
Q

Hypoparathyroid

A

Dry scaly puffy skin
Brittle nails
Coarse hair

52
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroid

A

Short stature
Short neck
Short 4th+5th metacarpals

53
Q

If want to test for excess hormone what do you do

A

Try to suppress

If can’t suppress = autonomous secretion

54
Q

If want to test for deficiency what do you do

A

Try to stimulate

If can’t produce then found the issue

Endocrine (17 decks)

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