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Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of communications in the body

A 
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Exocrine
Neural
Neuroendocrine
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2
Q

How does endocrine hormone work

A

Carried in blood to the target organ
If no receptor = no response
Receptors have high affinity for hormone

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3
Q

How is action terminated

A

-ve feedback loop

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4
Q

How do paracrine hormone work

A

Acts local to site of synthesis e.g. histamine

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5
Q

How do autocrine hormones work

A

Act on or in the same cell that synthesises e.g. cytokine

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6
Q

How do exocrine hormones work

A

Released from exocrine glands via ducts into the blood

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7
Q

How do nerves transmit information

A

Neuotransmitter released from pre-synaptic neuron
Travels across synaptic cleft to post synaptic cell
Acts locally

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8
Q

How do neuroendocrine hormones work

A

Hormone released by nerves into blood NOT synaptic cleft

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9
Q

What are the different types of endocrine hormone

A

Peptide
Steroid
Amine

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10
Q

What is most common hormone and what is it composed off

A

Peptide hormone

Composed of chains of AA

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones composed off and give example

A

Lipids composed of cholesterol

Oestrogen / progesterone

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12
Q

What are amine hormones composed of and what hormones are produced

A

Amino acid - tryptophan + tyrosine
Tryptophan makes melatonin
Tyrosine makes all others

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13
Q

How are peptide hormones produced

A

Synthesised in ribosome and stored in vesicle in gland as pre-prohormone (large and inactive)
Cleaved in RER to form prohormone = inactive
Packaged into vesicles with proteolytic enzyme in Golgi
Broken down into active hormone + other fragments which are stored till release is triggered

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14
Q

What can be used clinically to measure work of gland and give example

A

Can measure inactive fragment as stay in plasma for longer e.g. C-peptide in DM will indicate endogenous insulin from pancreas

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of peptide hormones

A

Hydrophillic
Dissolve in plasma
Can’t cross membrane so bind to target cell receptor s to initiate a response

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16
Q

How does binding activate a response

A

GPCR pathway - activate 2nd messenger system / ion channel to modify existing protein = rapid response
Tyrosine kinase pathway - altered gene expression giving slower but longer lasting response
Opens or closes channels = hyper or depolarisation

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17
Q

When are steroid hormones synthesised

A

As needed

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18
Q

How are steroids produced

A

Production from chlesterol

Diff enzymes = different product

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19
Q

What enzyme is required to make cortisol and aldosterone

A

21 hydroxylase enzyme

If deficient = adrenal hypoplasia

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20
Q

What is a pre-hormone of androgens which declines with age

A

DHEA

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid

A

Highly lipophilic so cannot be retained in lipid membrane
Poorly soluble do transported with carrier protein such as albumin
Only unbound hormones can diffuse into target cell

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22
Q

Where are sex steroids produced

23
Q

Where is Vit D3 produced

24
Q

Where are mineral and glucocorticosteroids produced

A

Adrenal cortex

25
What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones
Cross plasma membrane easily Receptors inside cell activate to repress gene function leading to increase or decrease in protein synthesis Some bind to membrane receptors and activate via 2 messenger Lag between hormone release and effect but persists
26
Why do steroids make good anti-inflammatory
Switch off proteins that code for inflammation
27
What are examples of amine hormone
Catecholamine Thyroid (T3+T4) Melatonin
28
What mechanism of action to catecholamine's have
Similar to peptide | HYdrophillic
29
Examples of catecholamines and where are they released from
Dopamine - brain Noradrenaline - neurones Adrenaline - adrenal medulla
30
What mechanism of action to thyroid hormones have
Steroid
31
What do they bind too
Thyroxine binding globulin
32
What factors impact on endocrine function
``` Negative feedback Neuronal feedback Up regulation Down regulation Antagonism Permissive ```
33
What is an example of neuronal feedback
Sympathetic system triggers adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
34
What is up regulation
After exposure to low hormone get increased number of receptors and increased tissue sensitivity
35
What is an example of antagonism
Too much GH = reduced number of insulin receptors so present with DM
36
What is an example of permissive
Presence of one hormone enhances another Thyroid increases receptors for epinephrine = increased lipolysis Insulin increases GH
37
What is required for monitoring hormones
24 hours as levels fluctuates
38
What is the stress response
Hypothalamic and pituitary axis activated Sympathetic nervous system activated Failure of normal feedback mechanisms
39
What else happens
Na and water retention Suppression of anabolism Muscle protein loss
40
What does sympathetic do in stress
Stimulate catecholamine | Get tachycardia and hypertension
41
What hormones are increased in the stress response
``` GH Cortisol Renin Aldosterone Prolactin ADH Glucagon ```
42
What hormones are decreased in the stress response
Insulin | Testosterone / oestrogen
43
What hormones have no change
TSH / LH / FH
44
Typical features of thyrotoxicosis
Hair loss Pretibial myxoedema Onchylysis Bulging eyes - exophthalmos / proptosis
45
Typical features of hypothyroid
Hair loss Cold Pale skin
46
Typical features of Cushing's
``` Central obesity Wasted limbs Moon face Buffalo hump Striae ```
47
Typical features of Addison's
Hyperpigmentation
48
Typical features of Acromegaly
``` Soft tissue overgrowth Big jaw (macrognathia) Big hands and feet Thick skin Coarse facial features ```
49
Typical features of hyperandrogism
Hirsutism Temporal balding Acne
50
Typical features of hypopituitarism
Pale or yellow thin skin | Fine wrinkling around eyes and mouth
51
Hypoparathyroid
Dry scaly puffy skin Brittle nails Coarse hair
52
Pseudohypoparathyroid
Short stature Short neck Short 4th+5th metacarpals
53
If want to test for excess hormone what do you do
Try to suppress | If can't suppress = autonomous secretion
54
If want to test for deficiency what do you do
Try to stimulate | If can't produce then found the issue

Endocrine (17 decks)

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