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PCS 3 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Organise the words paracrine/ endocrine/ autocrine in ascending distance of action

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

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2
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

Ant blood

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3
Q

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH cause the release of from the anterior pituitary?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

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4
Q

What happens when prolactin inhibitory hormone PIH is no longer released from the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior pituitary secretes prolactin

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5
Q

Which are the tropic hormones released from anterior pituitary?

A

M FLAT stimulate other endocrine glands like adrenal gland/ gonads
MSH (melanocyte stim horm to prod melanin)/ FSH/ LSH/ ACTH/ TSH

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6
Q

Which are the direct hormones released from anterior pituitary?

A

PEG stimulate a part of the body directly

Prolactin/ Endorphins/ GH

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7
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary?

A

Nervous stimulation causes release of hormones produced by hypothalamus but stored in posterior pituitary
(Ant blood)

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8
Q

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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9
Q

What does TROPHIN mean?

A

Nourishing/ stimulating

e.g. Corticotrophin

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10
Q

What does TROPIN mean?

A

Stimulating effect of a hormone/ other substance on a target organ/ system
e.g. Somatotropin/ Gonadotropin/ Thyrotropin

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11
Q

What has an inhibitory effect on growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin (SS)

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12
Q

What has an inhibitory effect on prolactin?

A

Dopamine (DA)

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13
Q

Which hormones affect growth and how?

A

Growth hormone - lack inhibits growth
Thyroxine - lack inhibits growth
Cortisol - excess inhibits growth
Insulin - excess stimulates growth

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14
Q

Does GH have a role in foetal development and normal growth from birth to 2yrs?

A

No

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15
Q

Does GH exert an effect on neurons?

A

No but almost all other cell type

Main targets: bone and muscle

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16
Q

How does GH decrease fat deposits?

A

Decreases adipose tissue glucose uptake

Increase lipolysis

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17
Q

How does GH increase muscle mass?

A

Decreases muscle glucose uptake
Stimulates aa uptake/ protein synthesis
Inhibits protein breakdown

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18
Q

How does GH stimulate Insulin-like growth Factor production?

A

Increases gluconeogenesis in liver

Decreases protein synthesis

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19
Q

How does GH protect agains hypoglycaemia?

A

It is glucose sparing with anti-nsulin action

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20
Q

Which growth factor is responsible for skeletal growth (cartilage formation and bone deposition – lengthening and thickening)?

A

IGF-1

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21
Q

Which growth factor is responsible for soft tissue growth (protein synthesis and cell proliferation/ hyperplasia and hypertrophy)?

A

IGF-2

22
Q

When do bones not respond to GH?

A

After growth plates have fused

23
Q

Describe the somatopause phenomenon

A

Decrease in lean body mass
Decline in bone mineral density
Increase in body fat
Sleep disturbance

24
Q

What occurs when there’s excess of GH causing Gigantism?

Usually result of pituitary tumour secreting GH

A

Abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action of IGF-1 while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during (children)
Normal body proportions as soft tissues are also affected

25
Q

What occurs when there’s excess of GH causing Acromegaly?

A 
Increased growth hormone later in life after fusion of epiphyses
course facial features
enlarged hands and feet
protruding jaw and separation of teeth
enlarged tongue and thickened lips
deep voice
cardiomegaly
diabetes
26
Q

If primary surgery on pituitary tumours fail to induce complete remission, how is GH excess treated?

A

Somatostatin analogues

Dopamine analogues GH receptor antagonists

27
Q

What’s the cause of pituitary dwarfism?

not the only cause of dwarfism

A

GH insufficiency in childhood

28
Q

Characteristics of pituitary dwarfism

A

Slow growth rate below 3rd centile on age/height or bone chart
Normal body proportions
Poor muscle development, excess subcutaneous fat

29
Q

What is GH insufficiency in adults characterised by?

A

No major symptoms

30
Q

Effect of GH on cartilage and bone before growth plates have fused?

A

Increase chondrocyte mitosis and matrix production

31
Q

Effect of dihydrotestosterone

A

Embryo life - differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate

Later in life - contributes to male balding, prostate growth and sebaceous gland activity

32
Q

What are gehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione?

A

Testosterone precursors converted to testosterone in peripheral tissues

33
Q

What is the primary source of testosterone in men and women?

A

Men - Testes

Women - Adrenal glands

34
Q

Where are androgens produced in women?

A

Ovaries, adrenal glands and fat cells

35
Q

What is adrenal cortex hyper function and its treatment?

A

Excessive production of adrenal androgens
Overproduction of ACTH
= masculinisation/ virilization
(Acne, hirsutism, irregular periods, breast shrinkage, low voice, typical male muscle development)
Treatment: ACTH antagonist e.g. Cyproterone acetate/ Ethinyl estradiol

36
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

Excessive hair growth in women

37
Q

Production and storage of sperm

A

Produced in testis
Formation in seminiferous tubule
Stored in seminal vesicles

38
Q

What dihydrotestosterone (dht), androstenedione or to oestradiol?

A

Testosterone converted into them

39
Q

What does FSH do in men?

A

FSH stimulates the sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein (binds to testosterone) and facilitate sperm development

40
Q

What does LH do in men?

A

LH stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone

41
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A

Create seminiferous tubules
Nourish germ cells and support spermatogenesis
Convert testosterone to DHT or oestradiol
Secrete INHIBIN (Inhibits FSH production)

42
Q

What converts testosterone to estradiol
and
androstenedione to estrone?
And where is it widely distributed?

A

Aromatase

Adipose tissue

43
Q

What is important for spermatogenesis and contributes to male heterosexualty?

A

Estradiol

44
Q

What causes serum testosterone concentration and the sperm count are below normal and the serum LH and FSH concentrations are above normal?

A

Primary hypogonadism

45
Q

What is there a problem with in secondary hypogonadism?

A

Hypothalamus or the pituitary gland

46
Q

What syndrome causes an extra copy of the X chromosome, testicles smaller than normal, low production of testosterone, reduced muscle mass, reduced body and facial hair, enlarged breast tissue and produce little or no sperm?

A

Klinefelter syndrome

47
Q

What are the following signs of?
Lower IQ than siblings/ tall/ poor muscle tone/ reduced secondary sexual characteristics/ gynaecomastia/ small testes/ infertility

A

Klinefelter syndrome

48
Q

What is the autosomal recessive sex-limited condition resulting in the inability to convert testosterone to the more physiologically active dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

A

5-alpha-reductase deficiency (5-ARD)

49
Q

What syndrome is caused by a mutation of androgen receptor and affects the normal development of a child’s genitals and reproductive organs so that the child born is genetically male, but their genitals may appear to be female/ somewhere between?
(very rare condition)

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

50
Q

What is addison’s disease?

A

Chronic hypoadrenalism that caused adrenal cortex hypo function

PCS 3 (11 decks)

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