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Biological Psychology > Hormone Structure and Action > Flashcards

Hormone Structure and Action Flashcards

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1
Q

LIVING CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS

A

AUTOCRINE COMMUNICATION
- chemical released by cell affects its own activity
NEUROCRINE/SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION
- chemical released neuron diffuses across synaptic cleft; affects postsynaptic membrane
PARACRINE COMMUNICATION
- chemical released into extracellular environment; affects nearby target cells
ENDOCRINE/HORMONE COMMUNICATION
- chemical released into bloodstream; selectively affects distant organs
PHEREMONE COMMUNICATION
- chemical released into external environment; affects conspecifics
ALLOMONE COMMUNICATION
- chemical released into external environment; affects heterospecifics

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2
Q

HORMONES

A
  • bioregulators of endocrine system
  • secreted via specialised cells directly into blood; transported via it too
  • selectively act on target cells (usually far)
  • chemical messengers produced in endocrine cells
  • 3 main types:
    1. PROTEIN/PEPTIDE
    2. AMINE
    3. STEROID
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3
Q

PROTEIN HORMONES

A
  • have short chains (ie. amino acids); include:
  • GH (growth hormone)
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
    RELEASING HORMONES
  • CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
  • GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
    REPRODUCTION
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
    SOCIAL BONDING/PARENTAL CARE
  • oxytocin
  • vasopressin
  • prolactin
    METABOLISM
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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4
Q

AMINE HORMONES

A
  • modified single amino acid (monoamine hormones)
  • smaller/simpler than protein hormones; include:
    METABOLISM/BODY FUNCTION
  • adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
  • thyroid hormones
  • melatonin
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5
Q

PROTEIN/AMINE HORMONE ACTION PROCESS

A
  • receptor specific to hormone type between cell inside/outside
  • hormones attach; receptor shape alters
  • receptor sends secondary messengers inside cell
  • secondary messengers alter cell function/trigger multiple bio effects
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6
Q

PROTEIN/AMINE HORMONES

A
  • bind to specific receptors outside cells
  • act rapidly (s/m)
  • can have prolonged effects
  • sensitivity can be altered via increasing/upregulating OR decreasing/downregulating receptor numbers on cell
  • stored in vesicles; secreted on demand
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7
Q

STEROID HORMONES

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • made from 4 interconnected carbon rings
  • soluble in lipids; include:
    SEX HORMONES
  • oestrogen
  • progestins
  • androgens (ie. testosterone)
    STRESS HORMONES
  • glucocorticoids
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8
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTION PROCESS

A
  • hormones passively diffuse into cells
  • specifically bind to/act on steroid receptor inside cell
  • steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA altering protein production
  • act slowly (hours)
  • long-lasting effects via DNA transcription
  • sensitivity can be altered by presence/absence of co-factors necessary for cell response
  • cannot be stored; must be synthesised on demand
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9
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS/ORGANS

A
  • follicular cells secrete hormones into lumen
  • hormone transported into thin-walled capillary; flows into bloodstream
  • ductless = no ducts leading to bloodstream
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10
Q

EXOCRINE VS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A 
EXOCRINE
- duct
- secretory product 
- exocrine cell
ENDOCRINE
- endocrine cell
- blood flow
- blood vessel
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11
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SUBDIVISIONS

A

NORRIS & CARR (2013)
1. ENDOCRINE (ONLY)
- typically respond to chemical levels in blood; not directly controlled by nervous system
2. NEUROENDOCRINE
hypothalamus -> pituitary -> endocrine glands -> target organs -> effect OR…
hypothalamus -> pituitary -> target organs (via nonapeptide hormones) -> effect

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12
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

POLYPEPTIDES

  • growth-hormone-releasing hormone = stimulates GH release from pituitary gland
  • CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) = stimulates ACTH release from pituitary gland
  • thyroid-releasing hormone = stimulates TSH release from thyroid gland
  • GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) = stimulates FSH/LH release from pituitary gland
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) = promotes H2O reabsorption by kidneys
  • oxytocin = induces labour/milk release from mammary glands in females
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13
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

A

POLYPEPTIDES

  • GH (growth hormone) = stimulates growth
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) = stimulates adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids (ie. cortisol)
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) = stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)/LH (luteinising hormone) = involved in sex hormone production; regulate female menstrual cycles
  • PRL (prolactin) = stimulates female mammary gland growth/milk production
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14
Q

PANCREAS

A

POLYPEPTIDES

  • insulin = decreases blood glucose
  • glucagon = increases blood glucose
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15
Q

OVARIES (F)

A

STEROIDS

  • estradiol = regulates development/maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics; other effects
  • progesterone = prepares uterus for pregnancy
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16
Q

TESTES (M)

A

STEROIDS

- testosterone = regulates development/maintenance of male secondary characteristics; other effects

17
Q

KIDNEYS

A

POLYPEPTIDES
- EPO (erythropoietin) = increases red blood cell synthesis
STEROIDS
- vitamin D = decreases blood Ca^2+

18
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS

A

AMINO ACID DERATIVES
- epinephrine = produces many effects related to short-term stress response
STEROIDS
- cortisol = produces many effects related to short/long term stress responses
- aldosterone = increases Na+ reabsorption via kidneys

19
Q

THYROID GLAND

A

AMINO ACID DERATIVES

- thyroxine = increases metabolic/heart rate; promotes growth

20
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

POLYPEPTIDES

- PTH (parathyroid hormone) = increases blood Ca^2+

21
Q

HORMONE PRODUCTION CONTROL

A
  • production requires constant management
  • feedback loops play key role
  • gen includes negative feedback; high hormone levels inhibit hormone production -> maintaining homeostasis
  • sometimes includes positive feedback (ie. oxytocin secretion in milk let-down effect)
    KEY PATHWAYS
    1. autocrine feedback
    2. target cell feedback
    3. brain regulation
    4. brain/pituitary regulation
22
Q

AUTOCRINE FEEDBACK

A

endocrine cells -> (+negative feedback) target cells
PROSTOGLANDINS (INHIBIT ACID SECRETION)
- stomach cell walls release prostaglandin E^2 to parietal cells in stomach BUT along journey, negative feedback returns to stomach wall cells
- parietal cells release hydrochloric acid

23
Q

TARGET CELL FEEDBACK

A

endocrine cells -> target cells -> bio response -> negative feedback to endocrine cells
INSULIN PATHWAY
- pancreas detects high circulating glucose (post meal); releases insulin to muscle/fat cells
- leads to glucose uptake which causes negative feedback to pancreas of low circulating glucose levels

24
Q

BRAIN REGULATION

A

hypothalamus -> (via endocrine cell neural/hormonal stimulation) endocrine cells -> target cells -> bio response -> negative feedback to hypothalamus
ALARM RESPONSE
- hypothalamus detects alarming stimulus; activates adrenal medulla
- adrenaline released (ie. to heart) leads to FVF responses; negative feedback (ie. increased heart rate) back to hypothalamus

25
Q

BRAIN/PITUITARY REGULATION

A

hypothalamus -> (via hormone release) pituitary gland -> (via tropic hormone) endocrine cells -> target cells (BUT negative feedback to hypothalamus/pituitary gland along way) -> bio response
TEMP REGULATION
- hypothalamus senses low environmental temp
- TRH (thyroid-releasing) activates pituitary gland then thyroid gland; thyroxine released to metabolism cells
- negative feedback to hypothalamus/anterior pituitary via thyroxine inhibition
- metabolism cells increase basal metabolic rate

26
Q

PITUITARY GLAND

A
  • includes 2 parts doing different things:
    1. ANTERIOR PITUITARY/ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
  • synthesises/secretes hormones
    2. POSTERIOR PITUITARY/NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
  • stores/secretes only (no synthesis)
27
Q

PITUITARY HORMONE TARGETS

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/vasopressin = kidney
  • oxytocin = breast
  • GH = bone/soft tissues
  • ACTH = adrenal gland -> adrenocorticosteroids
  • TSH = thyroid gland -> thyroid hormones
  • FSH/LH (ICSH) = testes -> testosterone
  • FSH/LH = ovary -> estrogen (corpus luteum -> progesterone)
  • prolactin = breast
28
Q

HORMONE EFFECTS

A

SHORT-TERM (ie. oxytocin’s milk let-down reflex)

LONG-TERM (ie. growth hormone’s bone growth); some can be reversed (ie. psychosocial dwarfism)

29
Q

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS

A

OXYTOCIN: MILK LET-DOWN REFLEX

  • hypothalamus releases oxytocin neuron to posterior pituitary
  • oxytocin released -> mammary glands contract to release milk
  • nipple receptors sense sucking (response conditioned to crying) -> positive feedback via nerve impulses stimulating hypothalamus
  • when satiated baby stops sucking/crying, stimulation/oxytocin production stops
30
Q

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

A

GH (SOMATOTROPIN): BONE GROWTH REGULATION

  • hypothalamus releases GHRH (somatocrinin) to anterior pituitary
  • this releases growth hormone to influence bone growth
  • SLEEP stimulates somatocrinin/GH release; -> enhances bone growth
  • STRESS/STARVATION/VIGOROUS EXCERCISE inhibits somatocrinin/GH release -> retarded bone growth
31
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • endocrine glands release chemicals (hormones) into bloodstream for circulation around body
  • NOT exocrine glands (ie. sweat/tear/salivary glands) which release substances onto surfaces/ducts
  • released hormones act w/specialised cells oft distance from releasing glands
  • protein/amine hormones bind to receptors on cell membrane surface; steroids pass through membrane and bind to receptors inside
  • can be released at specific times oft regulated by negative/(rarer) positive feedback loops
  • can have short-term (ie. oxytocin milk let-down reflex)/long-term (ie. GH bone growth) effects

Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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