Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Psychology > Evolutionary History of the Brain > Flashcards

Evolutionary History of the Brain Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

BRAIN FUNCTIONS

A
  • use sensory input from sense organs to:
    1. guide movement in muscles
    2. regulate internal organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CORTEX/LATERAL VIEW

A 
LOBES
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
GYRI
- precentral gyrus
- central sulcus
- postcentral gyrus
- cerebellum
- sylvian fissure
- olfactory bulb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MIDSAGITTAL VIEW

A
  • corpus callosum
  • cingulate gyrus
  • hypothalamus
  • fornix
  • thalamus
  • pineal gland
  • superior/inferior colliculus
  • cerebellum
  • spinal cord
  • brainstem (medulla/pons/midbrain)
  • pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ADULT BRAIN

A

FOREBRAIN
- uses current sensory input/past experience to make/communicate decisions
1. telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) = cortex/basal ganglia/limbic system
2. diencephalon = thalamus/hypothalamus
MENSENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)
- uses current sensory input to direct movement
HINDBRAIN
- maintains current state; controls mouth
1. metencephalon = cerebellum/pons
2. myelencephalon (medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • messaging via electrical signals
  • sent rapidly BUT costly communication
  • network structure determines which cells receive messages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

VASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • messaging via chemical signals (hormones)
  • sent slowly BUT cheap communication
  • membrane receptors determine which cells receive messages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BRAIN ORIGINS

A
  • human sensory/communication systems/brain structure = similar to other animal
  • theory of evolution helps us understand similarities/difs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

A
  • 3.5-2 billion years ago
  • membrane regulates contents/produces energy/has sensors
  • cytoplasm contains molecules needed for cell function
  • flagella regulate movement
  • DNA regulates protein production/allows inheritance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A
  • 2 billion years ago
  • DNA packaged inside central nucleus
  • mitochondria produce energy
  • cell membrane performs phagocytosis/secretion
  • microtubule network allows complex structure
  • cilia/microvilli provide specialised sensing areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

METAZOA (FIRST ANIMALS)

A
  • 635 million years ago
  • multicellularity = cells stick together after division
  • differentiated tissue
  • digestive chamber
  • intercellular signalling
  • sensory cells (ie. photoreceptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BILATERIA

A
  • 555 million years ago
  • complete digestive tract w/separate mouth/anus
  • front end had concentration of visual/olfactory/taste sensors
  • muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CHORDATES

A
  • 535 million years ago
  • notochord/tail for movement
  • neural tube for communication along body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

VERTABRATES

A
  • 525 million years ago
  • bone cranium/vertebrae
  • first group w/tri-partite brain (?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

JAWED FISHES

A
  • 430 million years ago
  • teeth = more energy
  • eye muscles for movement
  • 3 semi-circular canals (stabilisation input)
  • cerebellum to control stabilisation/gaze
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MAMMALS

A
  • 225 million years ago
  • differentiated teeth = more efficient digestion (BUT need fine motor control)
  • sensory innovations ie. vibrissae (whiskers)/improved hearing
  • extended parental care = more learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PRIMATES

A
  • 60 million years ago
  • opposable thumbs (grasping)
  • binocular vision (focusing)
  • trichromatic vision (colour)
17
Q

HOMO ERECTUS

A
  • 2 million years ago
  • rapid expansion of brain size; unclear why
  • changes in hands/teeth precede changes in brain
18
Q

COMPARATIVE NEUROANATOMY

A
  • great variation in sizes of dif brain regions
  • brain tissue has high running costs (2% body weight; 20% energy)
  • natural selection will favour enlargement of brain region only if it enhances survival/reproduction
  • brain evolution depends on animal anatomy/ecology
  • dif brain region sizes tell us about animal’s abilities
  • can divide cerebral cortex via info types it processes; cortical area size related to importance of info processed
19
Q

CROSS-SPECIES INSIGHTS

A
  • shared ancestry helps us understand human brains via studying other animals
20
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • brain sends messages to body via nervous system (electrical signals; quick/costly)/vascular system (hormones; slow/cheap)
  • can be subdivided into regions loosely associated w/particular functions
  • vertebrate/human brains share similar gross structure
  • relative size of dif brain areas indicates functional specialisations of animal (reflecting ecology)
  • several major evolutionary changes in brain linked to changes in motor control/digestive efficiency

Biological Psychology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions