Hormone Action

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

• chemical signals that influence cell activities
• produced by EXO or ENDO - crine glands
  
  • if endo: travel thru circulatory system
• affect target cells (cells with matching receptors)

Question 2

Endocrine Glands

Answer 2

• secreted INTO the body
• travel thru circulatory system to its target cells
• EMPTY contents into bloodstream

Question 3

What are some types of endocrine glands?

Answer 3

1. adrenal glands (in kidney)
2. mucus glands

Question 4

Exocrine Glands

Answer 4

• secreted OUT of the body
• leave thru DUCTS

Question 5

What are some types of exocrine glands?

Answer 5

1. sweat glands
2. salivary glands
3. digestive enzymes (pancreas)

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

produces releasing hormones (TRH), send to pit. gland

Question 7

Pituitary Gland

Answer 7

produces stimulating hormones (TSH)
- controls growth, h2o levels (ADH)

Question 8

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

infundibulum

Question 9

What is the purpose of thyroid glands?

Answer 9

regulate metabolism

Question 10

What does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 10

control Ca levels in blood

Question 11

What causes abnormal growth?

Answer 11

piuitary tube

Question 12

What is the purpose of Releasing hormones?

Answer 12

allows glands to communicate with e/o

Question 13

Steroid Hormone
- characteristics
- how does it work

Answer 13

non polar = diffuses into cell membrane easily
1. diffuses into cell
2. binds with receptor in CYTOPLASM
3. hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus and creates proteins

Question 14

Peptide Hormones
- characteristics
- how do they work?

Answer 14

• large, polar = cannot diffuse easily, requires a 2nd msngr
  1. binds to receptor on cell membrane (outside)
  2. produces G - PROTIEN
  3. interacts with ADENYLATE CYCLASE
  4. activates cAMP
  
  • activates protein kinase
  • reduced ATP (2 po4)
    
    5. metabollic changes in cell

Question 15

Transduction/Phosphorylation Cascade

Answer 15

each protein activates the next like a domino effect thru phosphorylation and the last step is when the very last activated protien causes an effect on the cell

Question 16

Explain Cell Signaling with Insulin & GLLUT4

Answer 16

• insulin signaling molecules bind to receptor on membrane
• GLUT4 opens = glucose is able to enter thru conc grad

THIS CAN ONLY OCCUR IF MOLECULES BIND TO ITS CORRECT RECEPTOR

Question 17

Local Signaling

Answer 17

• nearby cells effected
• use NRTMS
• immune cells use DIRECT CONTACT

Question 18

Long-distance Signaling

Answer 18

• distance cells effected
• release hormones into blood and carry it thru out body (endocrine signaling)