Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Marie- NUR 280 > Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • secretes a releasing factor that stimulates the pituitary gland
  • sits right on top of the pituitary gland, connected by a stalk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • master gland
  • releases tropic hormones that target a specific endocrine organ
  • the target organ secretes a hormone that acts on the body
  • pea sized organ located in the center of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does too much of growth hormone result in (in children)

A

gigantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

too much growth hormone in adults results in

A

acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Growth hormone is secreted by

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • secreted by anterior pituitary
  • goes to adrenal glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  • secreted by anterior pituitary
  • to thyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

posterior pituitary stores and releases

A
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH): tells kidneys not to diurese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

end organ

A
  • bones
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • testes/ovaries
  • mammary glands
  • uterus
  • kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary disorder

A

problem with the end organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

secondary disorder

A

problem with the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tertiary disorder

A

dysfunction caused by a hypothalamic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hypopituitarism

A
  • secondary dysfunction
  • most concerned about: adrenal glands, thyroid, diabetes insipidus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A
  • primary adenoma (benign tumor): MOST COMMON CAUSE
  • pituitary tumor
  • brain surgery
  • radiation of brain tumor
  • congenital tumor
  • trauma, ischemia, and infarction can cause sudden loss of pituitary function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

clinical presentation of hypopituitarism

A
  • s/s depend on which hormones are NOT secreted
  • age of onset
  • acute = rapid deterioration of pt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is hypopituitarism diagnosed

A
  • blood tests to assess hormone levels
  • MRI, CT
  • corticotropin stimulation test (give ACT, cortisol levels should rise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tx for hypopituitarism

A
  • giving hormones that pt needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • posterior pituitary malfunctioning
  • lack of ADH or response to ADH
  • kidneys are not told to diurese
  • dilute, large volumes of urine
  • plasma concentration increases
  • central = pituitary not working
  • nephrogenic = kidneys not working
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

clinical presentation of diabetes insipidus

A
  • frequent urination
  • thirst
  • dehydration
  • disorientation
  • seizures
  • hypovolemia
  • hyponatremia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is diabetes insipidus diagnosed

A
  • differentiate from other causes of polyuria
  • blood glucose testing
  • urine analysis for glucose
  • specific gravity
  • osmolality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tx for diabetes insipidus

A
  • administration of desmopressin or synthetic vasopressin
  • surgical tx if caused by tumor
  • ADH administration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

most common cause of hyperpituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

clinical presentation of hyperpituitarism

A
  • acromegaly in adults
  • gigantism in kids
  • large tumors may cause headaches and visual disturbances bc of proximity to optic nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is hyperpituitarism diagnosed

A
  • high serum levels of tropic hormones, particularly GH and PRL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

treatment for hyperpituitarism

A

depends on elevated hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

A
  • common in patients who sustain brain injury
  • hyponatremia
  • hypo-osmolality of blood causes excess water reabsorption into the bloodstream creating hypovolemia, dilutional natremia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

clinical presentation of SIADH

A
  • hypertension
  • edema
  • fluid retention
  • concentrated urine
  • dilute plasma
  • hypervolemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is SIADH diagnosed

A
  • elevated urine osmolality
  • slow correction of hyponatremia
  • ADH receptor antagonists may be used
  • meds to diurese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tx for SIADH

A
  • fluid restriction
  • slow correction of hyponatremia
  • ADH receptor antagonists may be used
  • meds to diurese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is goiter and what causes it

A
  • enlargement of thyroid
  • caused by excess TSH
  • low iodine levels
  • goitrogens
  • foods or meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

causes of hypothyroidism aka Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A
  • drugs
  • genetics
  • cretinism
32
Q

clinical presentation of hypothyroidism

A
  • weight gain
  • lethargy
  • cold feeling
  • hair loss
  • hyperlipidemia
33
Q

how is hypothyroidism diagnosed

A
  • Primary: high TSH, low free T3, low free T4
  • Secondary: low TSH, low free T3, low free T4
34
Q

how is hypothyroidism treated

A
  • replacement therapy with levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
  • surgical intervention if necessary
35
Q

hyperthyroidism- Grave’s disease causes

A
  • autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid gland
36
Q

clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism

A
  • weight loss
  • feeling warm
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety
  • exophthalmos (eyes pushing forward)
37
Q

how is hyperthyroidism diagnosed

A
  • TSH level low
  • high T3 and T4
  • ultrasound radioactive iodine scanning
38
Q

treatment for hyperthyroidism

A
  • anti thyroid hormone (propylthiouracil PTU)
39
Q

what is thyroid storm

A
  • life threatening condition
  • intense, overwhelming release of thyroid hormones
  • MEDICAL EMERGENCY
  • heart failure and pulmonary edema can develop rapidly and cause death
40
Q

s/s of thyroid storm

A
  • high fever
  • tachycardia (170s and up
  • agitation
  • psychosis
41
Q

hypoparathyroidism causes

A
  • RARE
  • inadvertent damage with thyroid surgery
  • genetic disorders
42
Q

hypoparathyroidism clinical presentation

A
  • r/t decrease in serum calcium levels
  • muscle cramps
  • irritability
  • tetany
  • convulsions
  • positive Trousseau’s sign
  • positive Chvostek’s sign
43
Q

how is hypoparathyroidism diagnosed

A

by seeing what PTH levels are in blood

44
Q

hypoparathyroidism treatment

A
  • replace TPH
  • normalize serum calcium and Vitamin D levels
  • educate that medications need to be taken consistently
45
Q

hyperparathyroidism causes

A
  • usually due to parathyroid adenoma
46
Q

clinical presentation of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • neuropathies
  • kidney stones
  • osteopenia
  • pathological fractures
47
Q

treatment for hypothyroidism

A
  • replacement therapy with levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
  • surgical intervention if necessary
48
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Graves disease
  • autoimmune stimulant of the thyroid gland
49
Q

clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism

A
  • weight loss
  • anxiety
  • exophthalmos
  • feeling warm
  • TACHYCARDIA (concerned about cardiac issues)
50
Q

how is hyperthyroidism diagnosed

A
  • TSH low, high T3 and T4
  • ultrasound radioactive iodine scanning
  • primary: low TSH, high T3 and T4
  • secondary: high TSH, high T3 and T4
51
Q

treatment for hyperthyroidism

A
  • antithyroid hormone: propylthiouracil (PTU)
52
Q

what is thyroid storm

A
  • LIFE THREATENING CONDITION
  • intense, overwhelming release of thyroid hormones
53
Q

s/s thyroid storm

A
  • high fever
  • tachycardia (170s and up)
  • agitation
  • psychosis
  • it is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY
  • heart failure and pulmonary edema can develop rapidly and cause death
54
Q

causes of hypoparathyroidism

A
  • rare
  • inadvertent damage with thyroid surgery
  • genetic disorders
55
Q

clinical presentation of hypoparathyroidism

A
  • r/t decrease in serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia)
  • muscle cramps
  • irritability
  • tetany
  • convulsions
  • positive Trousseau’s sign
  • positive Chvostek’s sign
56
Q

how is hypoparathyroidism diagnosed

A
  • seeing what PTH levels are in blood
57
Q

treatment for hypoparathyroidism

A
  • replace TPH
  • normalize serum calcium and Vitamin D levels
  • educate that medications need to be taken consistently
58
Q

causes of hyperparathyroidism

A

usually due to parathyroid adenoma

59
Q

clinical presentation of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • neuropathies
  • kidney stones
  • osteopenia
  • pathological fractures
60
Q

how is hyperparathyroidism

A
  • blood test
  • primary: high PTH, high calcium
  • secondary: high PTH, low calcium
61
Q

treatment for hyperparathyroidism

A
  • reduce elevated serum calcium levels with
  • diuretics
  • calcitonin
  • bisphosphonates
  • vitamin D
  • Surgical Intervention if cause by tumor
  • IV fluids to dilute calcium
  • any disorder that causes hypocalcemia can induce secondary hyperparathyroidism
62
Q

causes of Addison’s disease (hypoadrenalism)

A
  • gradual autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland leads to decreased cortisol response to stress and reduced cortisol reserves
  • prolonged glucocorticosteroid use
63
Q

clinical presentation hypoadrenalism

A
  • hypotension
  • hypoglycemia
  • tanned appearance
  • in women: amenorrhea, loss of pubic and axillary hair
64
Q

how is hypoadrenalism diagnosed

A
  • rapid ACTH
  • abdominal CT
  • BMP
65
Q

treatment for hypoadrenalism

A
  • daily replacement of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
  • parenteral steroid coverage in times of major stress, trauma, surgery
66
Q

causes of hypoadrenalism (Cushing’s)

A
  • excess corticosteroid use
  • pituitary adenoma
  • adrenal neoplasms
  • ACTH secretion from cancerous tumors
67
Q

clinical presentation hyperadrenalism

A
  • weight gain
    -weight redistribution to face, trunk and abdomen, moon faces, buffalo hump, striae
  • easy bruising
  • poor wound healing
  • amenorrhea
68
Q

how is hyperadrenalism diagnosed

A
  • MRI
  • CT
  • blood tests, salivary levels, and urine levels of cortisol
69
Q

treatment for hyperadrenalism

A
  • surgery to remove adenoma
  • ketconazole
70
Q

what is pheochromocytoma

A

caused by adrenal medulla tumor
- excessive sympathetic stimulation
- presents with HTN, tremors, tachycardia, arrhythmias

71
Q

treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

surgery to remove tumor

72
Q

cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia

A
  • defective tumor suppressor gene
73
Q

treatment for multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

surgery to remove tumor

74
Q

cause of pineal gland dysfunction

A
  • excess pressure in blood
  • produces melatonin with the phases of the light and dark cycle
  • presents with headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, memory disturbances, visual changes
75
Q

treatment for pineal gland dysfunction

A

ventriculoperitoneal shunt to drain CSF fluid

Marie- NUR 280 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions