Arterial and Venous Disorders Flashcards
what are arteries responsible for
pulses
what do veins have that arteries do not
valves
which direction do ARTERIES move blood
AWAY from the heart
which direction do veins move blood
TO the heart
arteriosclerosis
hardening/narrowing of arteries
atherosclerosis
the inflammatory process by which atherosclerotic plaque builds up on arterial walls
what do arteries do
use the muscles in their walls to move blood
what do veins do
rely on skeletal muscle to move blood
what are veins susceptible to
stasis of blood
what do we hear when blood does not flow correctly through the artery
whooshing/BRUIT
what causes uneven flow through the artery
- endothelial injury (inflammation, atherosclerosis)
- arterial stenosis (narrowing of the artery)
what are our clients at risk for with sluggish, stagnant, or turbulent blood flow?
thrombus/clot formation
what are the endothelial lining destroyers?
- lipids
- lipoproteins
- glucose (high)
- free radicals
- nicotine/smoking
- homocysteine
what are causes of hyperlipidemia
- familial hypercholesterolemia
- diabetes mellitus
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- high saturated fat
- medications
how is hyperlipidemia diagnosed
- review of family hx
- blood sample to evaluate lipids (lipid panel)
what are teaching points for hyperlipidemia
- lifestyle modifications
- diet:
cholesterol <300 mg/day
limit saturated fat
regular physical activity
what are causes of hypertension
- age
- African American ethnicity
- obesity
- family hx
- diabetes mellitus
- tobacco use
- stress
- kidney problems:
- hypersensitivity to angiotensin II
- high renin secretor
how is hypertension diagnosed
- listen for bruits
- 2 BP measurements
- chest xray
- eye exam
- ECG
- urinalysis
- labs
what are teachings for hypertension
- lifestyle modifications
- diet: low sodium
hypertension + hyperlipidemia =
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
chronic atherosclerosis =
PAD
chronic PAD =
arterial ulcers
what are the causes of atherosclerosis
- gender
- diabetes mellitus
- family hx
- tobacco use
- HTN
- obesity
- lifestyle factors
- age
what is PAD
atherosclerotic plaques deposit in peripheral arteries
- most common spot is femoral artery above knee
how is PAD diagnosed
ankle brachial test LESS THAN 1
will pulses be stronger or weaker in PAD
weaker
will extremities be warm or cool in PAD
cool
will sensation be present or absent in PAD
absent
if a clot forms in a patient with PAD what medication will be used
aspirin
what are arterial ulcers
ischemic wounds that form d/t lack of arterial blood flow
what are signs and symptoms of arterial ulcers
- pale, diminished pulses distal to ulcer
- delayed capillary refill
- ulcers located at tips of toes, heels, and lateral malleolus
Arterial ulcers are treated with ____ to prevent ____
antibiotics to prevent infection
what is Virchow’s triad (*patient needs all three to have DVT)
- venous stasis
- vascular damage
- hypercoagulability
what is the best way to prevent a DVT
COMPRESSION
what are signs and symptoms of DVT
- unilateral leg pain
- redness
- ropiness
- tenderness
- warmth over vein
- swollen calf
what are signs and symptoms of PE
- can be silent
- dyspnea
- chest pain
- tachycardia
- hypotension
- hemoptysis
what lab is used to diagnose DVT
D-dimer
what does a d-dimer measure
fibrin clot degradation
if prevention of DVT is ineffective how can we treat it
- clot buster
- IVC filter
what is chronic venous insufficiency
results from damage to valves in deep leg veins
risk factors for CVI
- trauma
- obesity
- pregnancy
- prolonged standing
what does chronic venous insufficiency look like
- shiny skin
- dusky color
- edema
- poor healing
- absent hair distribution
- stasis dermatitis
how is CVI diagnosed
doppler u/s
what is the treatment for CVI
compression and elevation
what do venous ulcers result from
STASIS OF BLOOD
are pulses absent or present in CVI
present
what are varicose veins
- superficial veins that are very dilated
what is the treatment for varicose veins
- removal of the superficial vein
- prevent with compression
