Arterial and Venous Disorders

Question 1

what are arteries responsible for

Answer 1

pulses

Question 2

what do veins have that arteries do not

Answer 2

valves

Question 3

which direction do ARTERIES move blood

Answer 3

AWAY from the heart

Question 4

which direction do veins move blood

Answer 4

TO the heart

Question 5

arteriosclerosis

Answer 5

hardening/narrowing of arteries

Question 6

atherosclerosis

Answer 6

the inflammatory process by which atherosclerotic plaque builds up on arterial walls

Question 7

what do arteries do

Answer 7

use the muscles in their walls to move blood

Question 8

what do veins do

Answer 8

rely on skeletal muscle to move blood

Question 9

what are veins susceptible to

Answer 9

stasis of blood

Question 10

what do we hear when blood does not flow correctly through the artery

Answer 10

whooshing/BRUIT

Question 11

what causes uneven flow through the artery

Answer 11

• endothelial injury (inflammation, atherosclerosis)
• arterial stenosis (narrowing of the artery)

Question 12

what are our clients at risk for with sluggish, stagnant, or turbulent blood flow?

Answer 12

thrombus/clot formation

Question 13

what are the endothelial lining destroyers?

Answer 13

• lipids
• lipoproteins
• glucose (high)
• free radicals
• nicotine/smoking
• homocysteine

Question 14

what are causes of hyperlipidemia

Answer 14

• familial hypercholesterolemia
• diabetes mellitus
• obesity
• sedentary lifestyle
• high saturated fat
• medications

Question 15

how is hyperlipidemia diagnosed

Answer 15

• review of family hx
• blood sample to evaluate lipids (lipid panel)

Question 16

what are teaching points for hyperlipidemia

Answer 16

• lifestyle modifications
• diet:
  cholesterol <300 mg/day
  limit saturated fat
  regular physical activity

Question 17

what are causes of hypertension

Answer 17

• age
• African American ethnicity
• obesity
• family hx
• diabetes mellitus
• tobacco use
• stress
• kidney problems:
• hypersensitivity to angiotensin II
• high renin secretor

Question 18

how is hypertension diagnosed

Answer 18

• listen for bruits
• 2 BP measurements
• chest xray
• eye exam
• ECG
• urinalysis
• labs

Question 19

what are teachings for hypertension

Answer 19

• lifestyle modifications
• diet: low sodium

Question 20

hypertension + hyperlipidemia =

Answer 20

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Question 21

chronic atherosclerosis =

Answer 21

PAD

Question 22

chronic PAD =

Answer 22

arterial ulcers

Question 23

what are the causes of atherosclerosis

Answer 23

• gender
• diabetes mellitus
• family hx
• tobacco use
• HTN
• obesity
• lifestyle factors
• age

Question 24

what is PAD

Answer 24

atherosclerotic plaques deposit in peripheral arteries
- most common spot is femoral artery above knee

Question 25

how is PAD diagnosed

Answer 25

ankle brachial test LESS THAN 1

Question 26

will pulses be stronger or weaker in PAD

Answer 26

weaker

Question 27

will extremities be warm or cool in PAD

Answer 27

cool

Question 28

will sensation be present or absent in PAD

Answer 28

absent

Question 29

if a clot forms in a patient with PAD what medication will be used

Answer 29

aspirin

Question 30

what are arterial ulcers

Answer 30

ischemic wounds that form d/t lack of arterial blood flow

Question 31

what are signs and symptoms of arterial ulcers

Answer 31

- pale, diminished pulses distal to ulcer - delayed capillary refill - ulcers located at tips of toes, heels, and lateral malleolus

Question 32

Arterial ulcers are treated with ____ to prevent ____

Answer 32

antibiotics to prevent infection

Question 33

what is Virchow's triad (*patient needs all three to have DVT)

Answer 33

- venous stasis - vascular damage - hypercoagulability

Question 34

what is the best way to prevent a DVT

Answer 34

COMPRESSION

Question 35

what are signs and symptoms of DVT

Answer 35

- unilateral leg pain - redness - ropiness - tenderness - warmth over vein - swollen calf

Question 36

what are signs and symptoms of PE

Answer 36

- can be silent - dyspnea - chest pain - tachycardia - hypotension - hemoptysis

Question 37

what lab is used to diagnose DVT

Answer 37

D-dimer

Question 38

what does a d-dimer measure

Answer 38

fibrin clot degradation

Question 39

if prevention of DVT is ineffective how can we treat it

Answer 39

- clot buster - IVC filter

Question 40

what is chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 40

results from damage to valves in deep leg veins

Question 41

risk factors for CVI

Answer 41

- trauma - obesity - pregnancy - prolonged standing

Question 42

what does chronic venous insufficiency look like

Answer 42

- shiny skin - dusky color - edema - poor healing - absent hair distribution - stasis dermatitis

Question 43

how is CVI diagnosed

Answer 43

doppler u/s

Question 44

what is the treatment for CVI

Answer 44

compression and elevation

Question 45

what do venous ulcers result from

Answer 45

STASIS OF BLOOD

Question 46

are pulses absent or present in CVI

Answer 46

present

Question 47

what are varicose veins

Answer 47

- superficial veins that are very dilated

Question 48

what is the treatment for varicose veins

Answer 48

- removal of the superficial vein - prevent with compression