Electrolytes Cause and Effect Flashcards
normal SODIUM values
135-145
cause of HYPOnatremia
- sodium below 135
- sodium loss or water overload
- illness
- taking certain meds
- heart, kidney, and liver problems
- chronic/severe vomiting or diarrhea
- drinking too much water
- hormonal changes
biggest thing to remember about sodium
FLUID FOLLOWS SODIUM
effects of HYPOvolemic HYPOnatremia
- thirst
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- neurological deficits may develop
effects of HYPERvolemic HYPOnatremia
- headache
- lethargy
- confusion
- muscle cramps
cause of HYPERnatremia
- sodium above 145
- excess or decrease in body water
effect of HYPERnatremia
cells become dehydrated and shrink
normal POTASSIUM levels
3.5-5.2
causes of HYPOkalemia
- less than 3.5
- diuretic therapy
- adrenergic agents or use of IV dextrose
effects of HYPOkalemia
- anorexia
- nausea
- vomiting
- sluggish bowel
- cardiac arrhythmias
- postural hypotension
- muscle fatigue and weakness
- leg cramps
cause of HYPERkalemia
- above 5.2
- decreased renal perfusion
effects of HYPERkalemia
- numbness
- muscle cramps all over
- diarrhea
- ECG changes
- can lead to cardiac arrest
normal CALCIUM values
8.7-10
cause of HYPOcalcemia
lower than 8.7
effects of HYPOcalcemia
- neuromuscular excitability
- paresthesia
- hypotension
- cardiac arrhythmias
- bone pain and fragility in chronic
(Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign)
cause of HYPERcalcemia
- greater than 10
- decreased calcium excretion by kidneys
- hyperparathyroidism
- cancer
- prolonged immobility
effect of HYPERcalcemia
- decreased neuromuscular excitability
- weakness
- renal calculi
- cardiac arrhythmias
to act properly, what does calcium need to bind to
ALBUMIN
pseudohypocalcemia
low albumin that makes it look like calcium is low
normal PHOSPHATE levels
2.5-4.5
cause of HYPOphosphatemia
- lower than 2.5
- decreased intestinal absorption
- increased excretion by kidneys
- intracellular shift
effects of HYPOphosphatemia
- tremors
- muscle weakness
- hyporeflexia
If calcium is low is phosphate low or high (and vice versa)
high
causes of HYPERphosphatemia
- greater than 4.5
- kidney failure
