Hormonal Coordination

Question 1

What is the endocrine system/what does it do?

Answer 1

Composed of glands that secrete hormones directly into blood stream
It carries the hormone to the target organ where it produces an effect

Question 2

What type of signal is nervous and hormonal?

Answer 2

Nervous = electrical
Hormonal = chemical

Question 3

Difference between an electrical and chemical signal?

Answer 3

Chemical synapse = nerve impulse passes chemically by neurotransmitters
= electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at a chemical synapse
= slower

Electrical synapse = connected through channel proteins
= Nerve impulses pass through membrane of the axon as an electrical signal.
= the impulse can be transmitted (ions)
= faster

Question 4

Transmission of signal in nervous and hormonal

Answer 4

Nervous = by nerve cells
Hormonal = by bloodstream

Question 5

Effects of nervous and hormonal

Answer 5

Nervous = muscles or glands
Hormonal = target cells in particular tissues

Question 6

Type of response in nervous and hormonal

Answer 6

Nervous = muscle contraction of secretion
Hormonal = chemical change

Question 7

Speed of response in nervous and hormonal

Answer 7

Nervous = fast
Hormonal = slow

Question 8

Duration of response in nervous and hormonal

Answer 8

Nervous = short (until nervous impulse stop)
Hormonal = long (until hormone is broken down)

Question 9

ADH source, organ, role and effects

Answer 9

Source = pituitary gland
Organ = kidney
Role = controlling the water content of the blood
Effects = increases reabsorption of water by the collecting ducts

Question 10

Adrenaline source, organs, role, effects

Answer 10

Source = adrenal gland
Organs = respiratory and circulatory systems
Role = preparation for “fight” or “flight”
Effects = increases breathing and heart rate, flow of blood to muscles, conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 11

Insulin source, organs, role and effects

Answer 11

Source = pancreas
Organ = liver
Role = controlling blood glucose levels
Effects = increasing conversion of glucose into glycogen

Question 12

What does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 12

Controls growth
Stimulated thyroid gland -> thyroxine
Manages energy from food you eat

Question 13

Role of the thyroid

Answer 13

Controls metabolic rate, growth, development of the body

Makes thyroxine

Question 14

Role of the pancreas

Answer 14

Controls level of glucose in the blood,

Question 15

What happens when blood glucose rise?

Answer 15

1) after eating blood glucose rises
2) pancreas makes insulin
3) insulin allows glucose to move blood into cells
4) glucose converted to glycogen
5) insulin controls storage of glycogen (liver and muscles)
6) stored glycogen can convert back into glucose
7) blood glucose stable within concentration range

Question 16

What happens to excess glucose?

Answer 16

Converted into lipids and stored
Regularly eat, more glucose = too much for liver and muscles to store
More you store = obesity

Question 17

How glucagon controls blood glucose levels

Answer 17

1) blood glucose concentration falls
2) pancreas secretes glucagon
3) glucagon makes liver break down glycogen
4) stored glucose released back into bloof

Question 18

What happens to insulin in type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

Pancreas does not make enough insulin, your blood concentration is not controlled

Question 19

Result of type 1 diabetes

Answer 19

Without insulin, glucose cannot get into cells of your body
Break down fat and protein to use as fuel
Produce lots of urine, feel thirsty, lack energy, feel tired, lose weight

Question 20

What happens to your insulin in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

Make less than your body needs, body cells stop responding to insulin properly

Question 21

How is type 2 diabetes formed

Answer 21

Genetics

Obesity

Question 22

How to treat type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

1) inject insulin
2) glucose into cells
3) stop concentration of glucose in blood getting high
4) if blood glucose falls
5) glycogen converted back to glucose

Question 23

What you can do to stop effects

Answer 23

Do not eat too many carbs

Lots of exercise

Question 24

Curing type 1 diabetes

Answer 24

-Transplant pancreas
=difficult
=risky
=still have to take medicine

-Transplanting pancreatic cells
=limited success

Question 25

Treating type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

Restoring blood glucose by:

• Balanced diet
• Lose weight
• Exercise

If that doesn’t work use drugs:

• Insulin work better
• Pancreas makes more insulin
• Reduce absorption of glucose from gut

Question 26

The menstrual cycle

Answer 26

Produces thickened lining
Egg matures in follicles of ovary
28 days mature egg is released = ovulation
Lining of uterus provides protection and food for developing embryo
Not fertilised, 14 days lining of uterus sheds along with egg

Question 27

Effect of light and gravity on growth of newly germinated seedlings

Answer 27

1) Put cotton wool into 3 Petri dishes, add same volume of water to each
2) Add 10 seeds in each
3) Put in warm place
4) Allow seeds to germinate and add water if cotton dries out
5) Once germinated remove any extra seeds
6) Put one Petri dish in full light, one in full darkness and one in partial light
7) Measure height of seedling everyday for a week
8) Calculate the mean of seedlings each day and compare locations

Question 28

Phototropism

Answer 28

Auxins on underside of shoot
Uneven growth = shoot bends towards light
Once tall enough auxins even out = shoot grows straight up

Question 29

Gravitropism

Answer 29

Auxin on underside of root

Root rows down towards soil = opposite of light

Question 30

What does elongate mean

Answer 30

Become longer

Question 31

What is negative and positive geotropism and phototropism

Answer 31

Shoot grows up = negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
Roots grow down = positively geotropic, negatively phototropic