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Hormonal communication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

The endocrine system is a communication system within the body, like the nervous system
It works by releasing hormones directly into the blood

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2
Q

whatt are the two types of hormones

A

-Protein and peptide hormones

-Steroid hormones

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3
Q

What are protein/peptide hormones

A

hormones that are ni soluble;e in the phospholipid bilayer and therefore do not enter the cell its self, instead they bind to receptors on the phospholipid bilayer of the target cell

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4
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

These are hormones that are derived from cholesterol, they are soluble in the phospholipid bilayer and can therefore enter the cell and bring about a change directly form inside the cell, for example editing a gene

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5
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands are ductless, they release their substances directly into the bloodstream via capillaries that ru inside the glands

Exocrine glands release their substances via a duct onto the body surface, for example sweating

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6
Q

First and second massagers

A

Non steroid hormones are usually known as first messengers, they bind to s receptor on the cell surface membrane. this usually causes the release of a secondary messenger within the cell its self

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7
Q

What is the G protein and how does it act

A

The G protein is activated when a first messenger binds to the receptor, this causes the G protein to make an inactive protein active and therefore make it the secondary messenger

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8
Q

What’s a good example of an effector molecule and what does it do

A

adenyl cyclase, converts ATP into cAMP

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9
Q

Describe the function of an adrenal gland

A

the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

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10
Q

What is the adrenal cortex and what happens within it

A

The adrenal cortex is situated on the outside of the adrenal glad which is on top of the kidneys

IT has three distinct levels of cells
-Zona glomerulosa, the outermost leyer, secretes mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata, middle layer , releases glucocorticoids
zona reticularis releases precursor molecules though to make up sediment hormones

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11
Q

what type of hormones are released by the adrenal gland

A

steroid hormones

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12
Q

What are some examples of what hormones released from the adrenal gland do

A

Glucocorticoids eg cortisol help to control the metabolism of carbohydrates, cortisol is released in Times of stress it stimulates the production of glucose from stored compounds such as glycogen fats and proteins

Adrenaline

adrenaline os not a sertoid hormone, it stimulates:
- relaxing of smooth muscles in bronchi
-increasing stroke volume in the heart
-general vasoconstriction to increase4 blood pressure
-increased hr
-increased mental awareness
-dilating pupils
inhibits the action of the gut

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13
Q

Where is the pancreas

A

Below the stomach

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14
Q

What are the 2 main secretions from the pancreas

A

Pancreatic juices containing enzymes that are secreted into the stomach

Hormines which are secreted fro9m the langerhans into the blood

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15
Q

What is the pancreas’ exocrine function

A

the release of digestive enzymes

The exocrine cells are in groups surrounded by tiny tubules. Each group of cells is called an acinus. Acini secretee the enzymes into the tubule at the centre of the group. These combine to form a duct

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16
Q

What is the pancreas’ exocrine function

A

Dispersed in small patches among the acini are the islet of langerhans

The islet of langerhans contain both alpha and beta cells

17
Q

What is the roll of beta cells in the pancreas

A

These cells make up the exocrine tissue in the pancreas

18
Q

What is the roll of alpha cells in the pancreas

A

These secrete glucagon and insulin

19
Q

Describe the release of insulin

A

When insulin is released from the islets of langerhans, it brings about An effect which lowers blood glucose

20
Q

how is insulin released from beta cells in the pancreas

A

The cell membrane of beta cells contains both calcium and potassium channels
potassium ion channels are usually open and calcium channels are usually closed
when glucose levels outside the cell are high, glucose moves into the cell
this can be used to synthesis atp
The extra ATP causes the potassium channel to close
Potassium can no longer diffuse out of the cell and makes. the water potential inside the cell more negative
The change in water potential opens up the calcium chanell
This means that calcium can diffuse into the cell
This therefore triggers the release of insulin

21
Q

what is the normals blood gluecose concentration

A

4-6mmol

22
Q

when is someone hypoglycaemia

A

When someone’s blood glucose is allowed to drop below 4mmol for extended periods of time

23
Q

What are the effects of hypoglycaemia

A

inadequate delivers of glucose to the body muscles and tissues
This may simply cause fatigue and irritability, but it could also cause impairment of brain function In survey cases

24
Q

What is hyperglycaemia

A

When a persons blood glucose is allowed to rise above 7mmol for extended periods of time

25
Q

What are the effects of hyperglycaemia

A

Organ damage

26
Q

What is the body response to blood glucose being too high?

A

The beta cells in the islets of langerhans detect this and release insulin, this insulin travels in the blood to its target cells on the liver and muscles and some in the Brain

Insulin cannot pass through the cell surface membrane, it therefore binds to receptors on the cell membrane. When insulin binds to its receptor this activates the enzyme tyrosine kinase, this causes phospholilation of inactive enzymes with in the cell and leads to the cascade of enzyme controlled reactions within the cell

27
Q

What are insulins effects

A

More gluecose enters the vets
more glucose converted to glycogen and fats
more glucose is used in respiration

28
Q

What is the body response to blood glucose being too low

A

Detected by alpha cells on the islets of langerthans, they release glucagon

Glucagon travels to its target cells on the liver which posses specific receptors for glucagon. When blood passes these cells glucagon bonds to these receptors and stimulates the G protein inside the membrane. This activates the adenyl cyclase inside each cell. Cuasing a cascade f enzyme controlled reactions

29
Q

What are the effects of glucagon

A

Glycogen converted into glucose
Fattu acids converted to glucose

30
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

When the increase of a variable causes action to be taken to decrease it

31
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

A condition where the body is no longer able to regulate its blood glucose levels. This van lead to both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia depending on diet

32
Q

What is type one diabetes

A

This usually starts from childhood and is the result of an autoimmune response on which the body immune system attacks and destroys beta cells.
This means that they are no longer able to synthesis sufficient insulin
But even when there blood glucose falls, because there is no stores of glycogen, it remains low

33
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

These peeps can produce insulin bit have become desensitised to it due to poor diet, this means that blood glucose is permenatnty raised, causing organ damage

34
Q

How to treat type 1

A

type one diabetes is usually treated using insulin injections but can also be treated using insulin pumps that act as an artificial pancreas
islet transpalants as well as entire pancreas transplants can also be used

35
Q

How to treat type 2 diabetes

A

Usually requires a change of lifestyle, weight loss and diet change is usually advised

36
Q

Where can insulin be sourced from

A

Insulin used to be harvested from the pancreras’ of animals such as pigs, however recently insulin has been harvested by genetically modified cells.
These produce genetically identical insulin that has less chance of being rejected and being ineffective

Bio (13 decks)

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