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classification and evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is classification a thing

A

To make the study of organisms more manageable
To make it easier to identify different species
To help us see the relationships between species

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2
Q

What is the modern classificati0on hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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3
Q

What is a domain

A

The highest level, arches eubacteria eukaryote

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4
Q

What is a kingdom

A

there are 5 kingdoms:
plantae, Animalia, fungi,protoctista, porkaryotae

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5
Q

What is a phylum

A

A major subdivision of the kingdom. Groups of organisms with the same body plan

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6
Q

What is a class

A

Same general traits eg 8 legs

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7
Q

What is order

A

A subdivision of the class using additional info eg meat eating

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8
Q

What is family

A

A group of closely related organisms eg dogs

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9
Q

What is a genus

A

Closely related species

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10
Q

What is a species

A

All basically the same innit

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11
Q

Rules for the binomial naming system

A

All italics or underlined
capital for the first letter of the first word

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12
Q

What are the advantages of the binomial naming system

A

universal names across languages
allows similar organisms to be identified `

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13
Q

What is a species

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

What is the phylogenic definition for a species

A

a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotae

A

No nucleus
Loop of dna
no membrane bound organelles
smalll ribosomes

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16
Q

What are the characteristics protoctists

A

eukaryotic
mostly single celled
lots of variation

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi

A

eukaryotic
can be single or multicellular
chitin cell wall
extracellular digestion
spores

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of plantae

A

Eukaryotic
multicellular
cellulose cell wall
contain chlorophyll

19
Q

What are the characteristics of animalia

A

Eukaryotic
multicellular
move around

20
Q

What is heterotrophic

A

digest larger molecules of food to make smaller absorbable ones

21
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when 2 separate species develop the same characteristic due to being in the same environment

22
Q

how can we classify organisms even of they have conversantly evolved

A

by studying the biological molecules within them, eg gene sequencing

23
Q

What is cytochrome C

A

Used in the process of respiration all living organisms that respire must contain it.

24
Q

How can cytochrome C be used to identify organisms

A

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome C can be tested and if the sequence is the same the two species must be closely related

25
Q

what is the three domain classification system

A

three domains base on ribosomal RNA

bacteria, archea , eulkaryota

26
Q

what is artificial classification

A

classification based on easy to observe feautures for example a guide of flowers may be organised not colours

27
Q

What is phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary relationships between species. It involves studying how closely different species Are related

28
Q

what is a common ancestor

A

A shared ansestor thaqt different species both descended from

29
Q

what did Darwin propose

A

natural selection

30
Q

what did Darwin notice

A

variation in organisms of the same species in different environmentsW

31
Q

what did Darwin concklude

A

that the environment influences the evolution of species

32
Q

What did Darwin observe

A

no tow organisms are identical
offspring are similar to parents
can shag a lot

33
Q

What is variation

A

the presence of difference between individuals

34
Q

what is variation inside a species

A

infraspecific variation

35
Q

what is variation between different species

A

interspecific variation

36
Q

what is continuous variation

A

most individuals are close to the mean value of variation but there are big extremes
eg: most peen lenghth

37
Q

what is discontinuous variation

A

There are distinct groups of variation
eg skin colour

38
Q

What is is inherited variation

A

the genes that we inherit from each parent and the combination of these cause variation ion offspring

39
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Characteristics that are effected by the environment
eg, leafs bigger at the top of a free as they haven’t been munched

40
Q

what is adaption

A

a variation that helps an organism to survive

41
Q

how is madam grass adapted

A

long roots- get deep water
leafs curled - reduces sa exposed therefore reduces water loss
hairy lower epidermis - retains water
not many stomata- reduces water loss

42
Q

What is a behavioural adaption

A

ed worms contract and hide once touched. a behaviour that helps an organism to surviver

43
Q

how does natural selection work

A

mutation creates an alternative alleal
This created genetic variation
This becomes advantageous
this particular organism survives and shags
they pass on this adaption

Bio (13 decks)

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