Hookworms Flashcards
where do hookworms live in the body
small intestine
true or false:
hookworms have teeth
true
how are hookworms introduced into the body
skin penetration
ingestion of infective eggs
what is the most pathogenic and important species of hookworm of the dog
Ancylostoma caninum
which species of hookworm is highly zoonotic
Ancylostoma braziliense
true or false:
A. caninum is the most prevalent nematode of dogs
true
true or false:
A. tubaeforme is the most pathogenic hookworm species
false
A. caninum is the most pathogenic hookworm
what animal is often the host of A. tubaeforme
cat
true or false:
cats can give kittens A. tubaeforme through a transmammary infection
false
ingestion and skin penetration are the only ways of transmission
what is the main transmission route of A. braziliense
skin penetration
true or false:
there is major concern with zoonotic transmission of Ancylostoma braziliense
true
what can Ancylostoma braziliense cause in humans
CLM
what is known as the “northern hookworm”
Uncinaria stenocephala
true or false:
Uncinaria stencephala is the second most pathogenic species of hookworm
false
it is the least pathogenic species
how do the eggs of U. stenocephala differ from other hookworm eggs
eggs are larger
what species is the host of Bunostomum spp
ruminants
what are forms of infection of Bunostomum spp
ingestion from environment
skin penetration
what are the transmission modes of Ancylostoma caninum
transmammary
percutaneous
oral
paratenic host
what is a contributing factor to the prevalence of hookworm increasing again
drug resistance in hookworms
true or false:
the mode of transmission of A. caninum has important clinical implications and thus is important to understand
true
true or false:
if A. caninum is ingested, there is no migration out of the GIT
true
how long does it take for a dog to pass A. caninum eggs
2-3 weeks
after skin penetration of A. caninum, where does A. caninum go
into blood vessels – heart –>
1) lungs in young dogs
2) somatic locations in immune dogs
where does A. caninum like to develop
small intestine
true or false:
hookworms that infect immune dogs via skin penetration become hypobiotic in the muscle tissue
true
true or false:
you would expect to see hookworms in an adult dogs small intestine
false
most adult dogs have no hookworms in their intestines
although A. caninum can be hypobiotic in somatic tissues, how does it become re-activated
hormonal changes / pregnancy
immune suppression / malnutrition
what occurs when some adult dogs have a slow leak of somatic larvae into their intestines
larval leak
in what group of dogs is larval leak becoming more prevalent
dogs infected with multidrug resistant worms
in order for a puppy to be infected by the transmammary route, how must the bitch be infected in the first place (route of infection)
skin penetration – the worm would be in the somatic tissue and not the intestines this way
what are the clinical signs of hookworm
anemia
dark-tarry stools (melena)
diarrhetic feces with mucous / blood
weight loss
poor hair coat
true or false:
hook worms promote continuous blood loss by secreting peptide anticoagulants
true
what are the 4 forms of hookworm disease due to A. caninum
peracute
acute
chronic
nuisance
a nursing pup comes in infected immediately after birth with hookworm.
1) what type of transmission was this
2) what level of hookworm disease is this
1) transmammary transmission
2) peracute
what is the outcome of a peracute hookworm disease
no clinical signs
sudden death
why would a fecal float be negative in a peracute disease of hookworms
negative fecal float due to death within PPP
which type of hookworm disease level is seen in pups older than 3 weeks old
acute
how are most 3 week old pups infected with acute hookworm disease
second infection due to skin penetration due to larvae
what are the clinical signs of a puppy with acute hookworm disease
profoundly anemic
bloody or black, tarry diarrhea (melena)
dermatitis / swollen painful footpads
what are 2 ways chronic hookworm disease can present
adult dog infection (shelter dogs)
larval leak
what are 2 ways chronic hookworm disease can present
adult dog infection (shelter dogs)
larval leak
true or false:
adult infected dogs with hookworm may be asymptomatic or only show mild clinical signs with eggs in feces
true
true or false:
definitive fecal floats can be done on pups <14-21 days old
false - these are presumptive dx because they wont be shedding eggs yet
