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Parasitology > Heartworm > Flashcards

Heartworm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the science name for heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

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2
Q

what is the primary host of heartworm

A

dogs

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3
Q

true or false:
heartworm is the most important parasite in dogs

A

true

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4
Q

true or false:
prevalence of heartworm parallels that in dogs in the same area

A

true

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5
Q

true or false:
all ages are equally as susceptible

A

true

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6
Q

what is the needed to complete the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis

A

mosquitos

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7
Q

where do adult heartworms live

A

pulmonary artery

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8
Q

what part of the heartworm life cycle circulates in the blood

A

microfilariae

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9
Q

what is the infective stage of the heartworm life cycle

A

L3

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10
Q

where do the microfilaria become L3

A

in mosquitos

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11
Q

where does the L3 larvae of the heartworm mature to adults

A

dog host

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12
Q

how long is normal development from L1 to L3 in the mosquito

A

10-14 days (2 weeks)

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13
Q

how many days after infection with L3 are there adult worms in the pulmonary vessels

A

70 days post infection

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14
Q

when can vascular damage from heartworm begin after infection

A

70 days - adult worms make their way to the pulmonary artery

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15
Q

how long does it take for to heartworms fully develop into an adult

A

about 6 months

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16
Q

when can heartworm start producing microfilaria

A

at fully maturity (6 months)

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17
Q

true or false:
in cats, although the life cycle is the same it takes longer to complete

A

true

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18
Q

true or false:
dogs are more likely to have aberrant migration of worms to ectopic sites

A

false
cats

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19
Q

how many worms are needed to cause life-threatening disease in cats

A

few worms
<5 worms

20
Q

why is diagnosis of heartworm difficult in cats

A

fewer worms
only females can be detected
theres a risk of having only 1-2 worms and both could be males
this would result in 0 detection

21
Q

true or false:
cats will have a prominence of microfilaria at times of exams

A

false
<5% of cats are MF+ at time of exam
this is because cats are likely to become infected from other HW+ dogs and not cats

22
Q

what are the main organs involved in heartworm cases

A

heart
lungs

23
Q

what determines the severity of HW disease

A

number of adult worms
duration of infection
individual host response

24
Q

what is the impact on the heart / pulmonary vessels from HW disease

A

pulmonary arterial disease

25
Q

what is the pathology of pulmonary arterial disease

A

inflammation (endarteritis)
villous thickening of tunica intima
(1-3 months after worms arrive to heart)

26
Q

what would the heart look like during a pathologic post-mortem exam

A

roughened, stippled appearance of pulmonary artery

27
Q

what are the complications from pulmonary aterialitis

A

thickening of vessels
loss of vessel elasticity
increased pressure

28
Q

what is the bacterial endosymbiont found in many filarial worms and insects

A

wolbachia

29
Q

what is the importance of wolbachia to the worms

A

perform beneficial functions for the worms

30
Q

how does Wolbachia impact pulmonary arterialitis and inflammation

A

induced innate inflammatory response by macrophages and neutrophils

31
Q

what are the 3 stages to feline HWD

A
  1. worms reach blood vessels of the lung
  2. degenerating worms induce pulmonary inflammation and thromboembolism
  3. chronic respiratory disease
32
Q

what is the effect the worms have on the pulmonary artery at arrival

A

acute inflammatory response

33
Q

what part of heartworm disease is caused by immature worms and important in cats

A

HARD
heartworm-associated respiratory disease

34
Q

what is caused by large numbers of worms in the tricuspid valve and causes hemoglubinuria in dogs

A

caval syndrome

35
Q

true or false:
caval syndrome is treatable in dogs

A

false

36
Q

what is the TOC for caval syndrome is wanted

A

surgical removal of worms via jugular vein

37
Q

how is caval syndrome different from typical pulmonary aterialitis in dogs

A

worms are backed up through the tricuspid valve

38
Q

what are the clinical signs for mild to moderate heartworm disease in dogs

A

chronic cough
dyspnea
decreased exercise tolerance

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of moderate to severe heartworm disease in dogs

A

syncope
hemoptysis

40
Q

what is the clinical sign for severe heartworm disease in a dog

A

congestive heart failure

41
Q

what are some clinical signs associated with chronic cases of heartworm disease in a cat

A

coughing, dyspnea
vomiting unrelated to eating
lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
systolic heart murmur

42
Q

what is the most important thing to do before initiating a treatment regimen

A

determining what class of disease is present

43
Q

what are the common signs seen on a physical exam of a cat for heartworm

A

often transient and non-specific
mainly respiratory, gastrointestinal and occasionally neurologic

44
Q

what is used in the adult heartworm antigen kits to detect worms

A

female uterine antigen

45
Q

when can the antigen test start to detect worms at the earliest

A

5 months

46
Q

when would you for sure see a + for a + case of heartworm

A

7 months

Parasitology (10 decks)

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