Hoofdstuk 3

Question 1

Structural proteins

Answer 1

genes affect the body’s development through their influence on the production of protein muscles, structural proteins forms the structure of every cell.

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

a thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
-The normal human cells has 23 pairs chromosomes-> 22 of these are true pairs in both the male and female, each chromosome looks like its mate and contains similar genes. The last pair are the sex chromosomes, XX women, XY men.

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

Each chromosome precisely replicates itself and then the cell divides, with one copy of each chromosome moving into each of the two cell nuclei thus formed-> all our body cells, except the egg and sperm cells, are genetically identical, because of mitosis.

Question 4

Meiosis

Answer 4

The production of egg and sperm cells, these genes are not genetically alike. Each chromosome replicates itself once, but the cell divides twice. Before the first cell division, the chromosomes of each pair line up next to one another and exchange genetic material in a random manner. Although the chromosomes in each pair look the same, they do not contain precisely the same genes. The result: every egg and sperm cell in genetically different and contains only half of the full number of chromosomes.

Question 5

Zygote

Answer 5

A new cell as a result of the unition of a egg and a sperm cell, which contains the full complement of 23 paired chromosomes. One member of each of these pairs, comes from each parent. The zygote then grows, through mitosis, into a new person.

Question 6

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 6

A disease that interferes with the transport of oxygen in the blood. In healthy people, the red blood cells that carry the oxygen are usually disk shaped. In patients with sickle-cell anemia, the blood cells are distorted, shaped like a sickle, or crescent moon. Because of their shape, they tend to pile up and block small blood vessels, resulting in pain of the tissue, as well as other complications that can be fatal.

Question 7

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 7

Infants inherit two recessive genes involved in the processing of the amino acid phenylalanine. The presence of these genes causes the amino acids to accumulate in the brain, resulting in intellectual disorders. PKU only has its effects if the person consumes foods that contain phenylalanine-> interaction environment and genes.

Question 8

Naturalistic fallacy

Answer 8

3. The idea that natural selection is a moral force, that its operation and products are either good or bad.

Question 9

Homology

Answer 9

Any similarity that exists because of the different species’ common ancestry.

Question 10

Analogy

Answer 10

In contrast, is any similarity that stems not from common ancestry, but from convergent evolution. Convergent evolution occurs when different species, because of some similarity in their habits or lifestyles, independently evolve a common characteristic.

Question 11

Polygyny

Answer 11

In which one male mates with more than one female

Question 12

Polyandry

Answer 12

In which one female mates with more than one male

Question 13

Monogamy

Answer 13

In which one male mates with one female

Question 14

Promiscuity

Answer 14

In which members of a group consisting of more than one male and more than one female mate with one another.

Question 15

Helping (evolutionary perspective)

Answer 15

Can be defined as any behaviour that increases the survival chance or reproductive capacity of another individual.

Question 16

Cooperation

Answer 16

Occurs when an individual helps another while helping itself. By working with others with common ends, each individual has a better chance of survival and reproduction than it would have alone. It is developed early in life.

Question 17

Altruism

Answer 17

In contrast, occurs when an individual helps another while decreasing its own survival chance or reproductive capacity.