Hoofdstuk 1

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

Refers to all attempts to answer questions through the systematic collection and logical analysis of objectively observable data.

Question 2

Mind

Answer 2

Refers to an individual’s sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives, emotions and other subjective experiences.

Question 3

What are the three fundamental ideas of psychology?

Answer 3

1. Behaviour and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically ->Materialism.
2. The way people behave, think and feel is modified over time by their experiences in their environment->Empiricism.
3. The body’s machinery, which produces behaviour and mental experiences, is a product of evolution by natural selection->Nativism.

Question 4

Dualism

Answer 4

The conviction that each human being consists of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul. So the body can be studied, but the soul is an supernatural entity-> this was the conviction until the eighteen century, when the western society was bound to and constrained by religion.

Question 5

Materialism

Answer 5

The spirit, or soul, is a meaningless concept and nothing exists but matter and energy.
Hobbes believed that all behaviour, including the seemingly voluntary choices we make, can be understood in terms of physical processes in the body, especially the brain.

Question 6

Reflexology

Answer 6

The conviction that all human behaviour occurs through reflexes. All human actions are initiated by stimuli in the environment.

Question 7

Empiricism

Answer 7

Refers to the idea that human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience (vision, hearing, touch and so forth). ‘’If we are machines, we are machines that learn.’’ Information give us the input that allows us to acquire knowledge of the world around us, and this knowledge allows us to think about the world and behave adaptively within it. We all have the ability to adapt one’s behaviour to the demands of the environment.

Question 8

The law of association by contiguity

Answer 8

If a person experiences two environmental events (stimuli or sensations) at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those two events will become associated (bound together) in the person’s mind, such that the thought of one event will, in the future, tent to elicit the thought of the other. (thoughts are linked together in the mind of a person)

Question 9

Nativism

Answer 9

The view that the most basic forms of human knowledge and the basic operating characteristics of the mind, which provide the foundations for human nature, are native to the human mind- that is inborn and do not have to be acquired from experience.