Honors - Unit 11 - Organic Chemistry & Polymers Flashcards
Stereo Isomers
A carbon that has 4 different things attached to it is considered “chiral”
There is a mirror image of the molecule, they are stereoisomers or enantiomers, bend light oppositely (optically active)
Polymers
Very long chains of repeating units (monomers)
(Simplest polymer: -(-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-)- =Polyethylene)
Functional Groups
Specific arrangements of atoms attached to the parent chain that cause organic compounds to behave in predictable ways.
Isomers
Same formula, different structure
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Have double or triple bonds (they can react and get more atoms in the molecule; alkenes and alkynes)
Parent Chain
Longest carbon chain
Monomer
the basic unit of the polymer
alkane
hydrocarbon with single bonds between all carbons
Saturated Hydrocarbons
alkene
hydrocarbon with a double bond between two carbons
alkyne
hydrocarbon with a triple bond between two carbons
- What is the IUPAC name for the following compound?
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
- Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
- Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
- Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group.
- Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name.
- Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order using the full name (e.g. cyclopropyl before isobutyl).
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
IUPAC Rules for Alkene Nomenclature
- The ene suffix (ending) indicates an alkene or cycloalkene.
- The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both carbon atoms of the double bond.
- The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a double bond carbon atom. If the double bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts.
- The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms of the double bond is used as the double bond locator. If more than one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent prefix indicating the number of double bonds, and each double bond is assigned a locator number.
IUPAC Rules for Alkyne Nomenclature
IUPAC Rules for Alkyne Nomenclature
- The yne suffix (ending) indicates an alkyne or cycloalkyne.
- The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both carbon atoms of the triple bond.
- The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a triple bond carbon atom. If the triple bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts.
- The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator.
- If several multiple bonds are present, each must be assigned a locator number. Double bonds precede triple bonds in the IUPAC name, but the chain is numbered from the end nearest a multiple bond, regardless of its nature.
What is the IUPAC name of
What is the IUPAC name of
What is the IUPAC name of
What is the IUPAC name of
What is the IUPAC name of
Homologous
A Homologous Series is a group of organic chemical compounds, usually listed in order of increasing size,
that have a similar structure (and hence also similar properties) and whose structures differ only by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
(The simplest example of a homologous series in organic chemistry is that of alkanes)
Polymerization
the process by which the synthesis of polymers occurs.
(the process by which monomers build polymers)
Naturally Occuring Polymers
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Cellulose, Rubber, etc…
Synthetic or Engineered Polymers
- Thermoplastics
- Thermosetting plastics
- Elastomers (Rubber)
Plastic
Long chain organic compounds that can be molded or formed into shapes, films, or fibers.
Thermoplastics
Long chains of organic compounds which have NO cross-links. These may be melted and recycled into new shapes (products).
Thermosetting Plastics
Long Chain Organic Compounds which HAVE cross-links which inhibits melting and thus the recycling of these products. Once set in a certain shape they can not be remolded.
(or thermosetting, plastics are synthetic
materials that strengthen during being
heated, but cannot be successfully
remolded or reheated after their initial
heat-forming. )
How do the bulk properties of polymers effect their behavior?
Linear structure - thermoplastics (can be melted and thus recycled.)
Branched chains - strengthen the structure of thermoplastics
Loosely Cross Linked Chains - loosely cross linked structures form an elastomers (rubber)
Tightly Cross Linked Chains - thermoset plastics (can not be melted and thus can not be recycled)
A polymer’s architecture affects many of its physical properties including, but not limited to, solution viscosity, melt viscosity, solubility in various solvents, glass transition temperature and the size of individual polymer coils in solution.
How does chain length affect the properties of a polymer?
The physical properties of a polymer are strongly dependent on the size or length of the polymer chain.For example, as chain length is increased, melting and boiling temperatures increase quickly. Impact resistance also tends to increase with chain length, as does the viscosity, or resistance to flow, of the polymer in its melt state.
How can hydrogen bonding affect the properties of polymers?
Different side groups on the polymer can lend the polymer to ionic bonding or hydrogen bonding between its own chains. These stronger forces typically result in higher tensile strength and higher crystalline melting points.
Describe crosslinking.
A process that makes a polymer more rigid and resistant to heat. The cross links in slime are hydrogen bonds.
