Homework Review Test 3 Flashcards
According to general adaption syndrome, if an animal is faced with chronic stress, what would be the predicted outcome?
death
What is part of the acute stress response?
Increased blood pressure,
Increased oxygen to muscles,
Decrease in digestion,
Decrease in reproductive function
Cat urine to a mouse is a ___ whereas, a drought killing much of the grass in the area would be a ___ for mice.
species specific stressor;
ecologically relevant stressor
What is the best explanation as to why someone experiencing chronic stress is more likely to get sick?
Because the chronic stress response suppresses immune function
Sonia is a strong student and stresses out before every exam. She has a big exam coming up in her calculus class and just went to the store to stock up on ice cream and chocolates. She finds herself eating a lot of sweets before exams. Sonia likely experiences ____ during these times.
high levels of cortisol
What does the “HPA” axis refer to?
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex
During stressful events, the endocrine system is activated by the ___.
HPA axis
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) causes ___ to be released from the adrenal glands.
cortisol
Excessive cortisol release causes…
desensitization of cortisol receptors leading to an impaired immune system and disease
What is true about perceived locus of control?
People with an internal locus of control tend to adopt more positive coping strategies and believe that they are in charge of their own destinies
Exposure to cortisol…
reduces hippocampal dendritic branching
What is true of excitotoxicity?
Glutamate activity leads to cell death
Chronic exposure to stress and cortisol can lead to
deficits in spatial and episodic memory
Research on children who have been exposed to various stressors early in life suggests that…
stress impacts the development of the limbic system and HPA axis
What is associated with better coping?
Higher levels of catecholamienes,
Higher levels of neuropeptide Y,
Engaging in cognitive reappraisal
Social support helps buffer stress by…
Helping stimulate production of oxytocin from the supraoptic nuclei,
Helping stimulate release of oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei,
Increasing GABA
What is the progression of the HPA Axis’s response to stress?
Hypothalamus –>release CRF–>pituitary gland –>ACTH–>adrenal cortex–>glucocorticods–>decrease activity of hypothalamus
In response to stress, the ___ release stress hormones.
adrenal glands
What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
Increase in heart rate,
Changes in sweat gland activity,
Shutting down of digestion
The notion that physiological arousal is not the result of an emotional experience but is instead physiological responses to a stimulus precede any feeling of emotional experience is referred to as the ___ of emotion.
James-Lange theory
According to the ___ theory of emotion as proposed by ___, people rely on the assessment of a situation to discriminate which emotion they are experiencing.
cognitive;
Schacter and Singer
Mirror neurons
May play a role in recognizing and understanding other people’s emotions.
Respond when we engage in a specific act and while we observe the same act in others.
Probably play a role in empathy.
Revulsion is associated with
insular cortex and basal ganglia
The ___ plays a role in combining emotional, attentional, and bodily cues to produce a conscious emotional response.
anterior cingulate cortex
What is true about the prefrontal cortex?
It is involved in the control of risky or thrill-seeking behavior.
Abnormalities in this area may be involved in depression and schizophrenia.
When disconnected from the rest of the brain, people are less able to make rational judgments.
What might discriminate novelty or thrill seekers from more cautious individuals?
The connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain.
Electrical stimulation of the ___ produces ___.
amygdala;
symptoms of fear and anxiety
Which hemisphere is more specialized for expression of emotions?
right
What is not true about stress?
It is always a negative experience.
A common action of epinephrine, noepinephrine, and cortisol is to…
Make more glucose available for activity
The stress hormones ___ are used by your body to respond to short-term stressors while the stress hormone ___ provides a more sustained release of energy for prolonged stress.
epinephrine and norepinephrine;
cortisol
Vaccines work because ___ are triggered by injection of a weakened or inactive form of the disease-causing agent.
B cells
Studies of war veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and victims of childhood abuse indicate ___ volume of the ___.
reduced;
hippocampus
Anterior cingulate cortex is involved in…
the emotional reaction to pain as well as the anticipation of pain
Whereas ___ aggression is accompanied by signs of emotional arousal, ___ aggression is emotionless.
affective;
predatory
There is ___ evidence that human aggression is affected by manipulation of testosterone levels.
no clear
Defensive and predatory aggression in cats involves which three brain structures?
amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray
What characterizes the relationship between brain serotonin and aggression?
Increased serotonin activity inhibits aggression
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to have what?
reduced gray matter in the prefrontal cortex
What characterizes reactive aggression?
increased autonomic responsiveness
What are disciplines involved in understanding consciousness?
Biology, Philosophy, Computer science
Sleep has proven to be a good behavior to use to study consciousness because it…
- Is readily observable
- Can be studied objectively
- Consists of different levels of consciousness
Joey had an extremely active day. According to the restoration theory of sleep, he should sleep…
More than after a less active day
An interesting new theory for sleep claims that CSF circulation increases during sleep to do what?
Remove toxins from the brain during sleep.
In mammals, the ___ is the brain area most associated with biological rhythms.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
External lighting conditions alter circadian rhythms via ___.
the retinohypothalamic pathway
Which is least likely to be a Zeitgeber for the majority of people?
a. social contact
b. alarm clock
c. morning light
d. work schedules
a. social contact
Melatonin
a hormone that induces sleep
Melatonin is produced in the ___.
pineal gland
Internal clocks
- The clock for the sleep/wake circadian cycle consists of a few genes and their protein products.
- The sleep/wake clock feedback loop must be reset by light each day.
- There are clocks outside the brain that control the activities of the body’s organs.
In many cultures a siesta, coffee break, or work break is typical shortly after lunch. This cultural behavior may have evolved because…
it coincides with ultradian rhythms for activity
Beta waves are associated with ___ and ___.
arousal and alertness
Alpha EEG waves are ___ than beta EEG waves.
slower
Alpha waves are associated with ___.
wakeful relaxation
Slow wave sleep is also known as ___.
Stage 3 sleep and Stage 4 sleep
During REM sleep…
the sleeper is in a state of atonia
A complete cycle through all sleep stages takes approximately ___ min.
90
If subjects are awakened every time they enter REM sleep, then…
they will eventually compensate by increasing the amount of REM sleep
The difference in sleep patterns when someone is a child vs. when they are an adult is that during childhood…
REM sleep is a greater percentage of their sleep
Studies of the relationship between sleep and learning show that…
Both REM and non-REM sleep are important in consolidation,
The process involves theta rhythm in the hippocampus,
A period of consolidation is followed by one of memory erasure
The brain structure where adenosine accumulates to inhibit arousal and induce drowsiness is the ___.
basal forebrain area
The ___ is a brain area that inhibits activating systems during sleep.
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
Caffeine’s ability to keep you awake is due to…
blocking adenosine receptors
Narcolepsy is apparently due to a loss of ___ secreting neurons, which may be due to ___.
orexin; an autoimmune response
Key components of consciousness
attention, sense of self, awareness
The dorsal attention network does what?
allocates attention under goal directed control
The sense of agency is
The ability to distinguish b/t self and non-self as the source of an action,
Mediated by the insula and the angular gyrus in the inferior parietal area,
An important part of self-awareness
The memory problems that Henry Molaison experienced when portions of his brain were removed were that he…
had difficulty learning and retaining new info
What is an example of anterograde amnesia?
Being unable to recall events that occurred following brain injury
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember events prior to the impairment
Rats trained in the water memory task have identified the ___ as involved in consolidation.
hippocampus
Animals given a drug that blocks the neurotransmitter ___ were not able to remember the location of a hidden platform.
glutamate
The prefrontal area is probably most involved in…
efforts to retrieve memories
Both Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease produce damage to…
nondeclarative memory
The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving…
all are strengthened, provided there is an emotional component
Working memory is crucial in…
playing chess, performing long division, carrying on a conversation
Long-term potentiation involves…
synaptic strengthening following repeated stimulation
During LTP, the first few pulses of glutamate
Dislodge the magnesium ions from the NMDA receptor,
Allow sodium and calcium ions to enter,
Increase the likelihood the neuron will fire, and increase the number and sensitivity of AMPA receptors
Rats with few NMDA receptors do what?
learn slower
As an organism ages what happens?
LTP rates slow,
Metabolic rates in cortical areas that input to the hippocampus and receive its output decrease,
Myelin decreases
What is the earliest and most severe indicator of Alzheimer’s?
deterioration of declarative memory
What is the best predictor of IQ score?
capacity of short-term memory
IQ scoring standards have been adjusted in the last 50 years to reflect the fact that ___ and illustrates the Flynn effect.
the average performance on IQ tests has risen
Critics of IQ tests argue that…
they are biased in favor of those with higher socioeconomic levels
Robert Sternberg argued that
intelligence is how a culture defines people’s ability to succeed
The general factor of intelligence is what?
a core capability for all cognitive abilities
If a team of researchers studied your brain because you scored abnormally high in intellectual g, what would they find?
a brain that had an efficient network connecting all of your lobes
Myelin is important to intelligence because it…
speeds nerve conduction
As we age, amount of myelination, speed of cognitive processing, and intelligence…
increase from childhood until maturity, then decrease
PET scans have shown that those individuals with higher IQ scores…
have lower glucose metabolism rates when performing attention demanding tasks
If an older female took estrogen replacement therapy to treat the negative effects of menopause, what could be a beneficial side effect?
improved verbal and visual memory
The leading genetic cause of intellectual disability is ___.
down syndrome
Someone with ASD might think that other people can read minds, because they can correctly predict what someone else is about to do. This is because individuals with ASD lack a _____.
theory of mind
