Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Dualism
A
- mind and brain are separate
- one can exist without the other
2
Q
Monism
A
mind and body are single substance
3
Q
Nature vs. Nurture (environment)
A
- arguments based on emotion, not evidence
- an increasing number of behaviors are turning out to have some degree of hereditary influence (nature)
4
Q
Nature vs. Nurture (genes)
A
- fundamental unit of inheritance
- found on chromosomes
- 23 pairs
5
Q
Allele
A
- different versions of a gene
- determine a characteristic or disease
- 1 on each chromosome
6
Q
Vulnerability
A
more genes for a disorder reduces the threshold required to produce it
7
Q
Most scientists…
A
REJECT Nature vs. Nurture concept
8
Q
Glial cells
A
help provide structure, remove waste and destroy pathogens, make myelin, help provide nutrients and oxygen to neurons
9
Q
Oligodendrocyte cells
A
- type of glial cell
- component of CNS tissue that may contribute to formation of the myelin sheath
10
Q
Schwann cells
A
- the principal glia of the PNS
- wraps around a nerve fiber, forming the myelin sheath
11
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
- convey sensory info to the brain
- carry out operations involved in thought and feeling
- send commands out to the body
12
Q
Agonist
A
- mimic or increase the effect of a neurotransmitter
- all drugs with a psychological effect interact with neurotransmitters
13
Q
Antagonist
A
any substance that reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter
14
Q
4 ways to regulate amount of neurotransmitters from synapse
A
Diffusion
Degradation
Reuptake into axon terminal
Uptake by glial cells
15
Q
Autoreceptor
A
- sense the amount of transmitter in the cleft
- located on the presynaptic terminals
16
Q
Dale’s principal
A
a neuron was capable of releasing only one neurotransmitter
actually 2 to 4
17
Q
Lonotropic receptors
A
open the channels directly to produce the immediate reactions required for muscle activity and sensory processing
18
Q
Metabotropic receptors
A
open channels indirectly and slowly to produce longer-lasting effects
19
Q
Cell body
A
(or soma)
most prominent part of the neuron
20
Q
Axon
A
extends like a tail from the cell body and carries info to other locations
21
Q
Dendrites
A
extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive info from other neurons
22
Q
Vesicles
A
- place where neurotransmitter is stored at the chemical synapse
- “little bladders”
- calcium ions enter vesicles
23
Q
Myelin
A
- fatty tissue that wraps around the axon to insulate it from the surrounding fluid and from other neurons
- produced in the brain and spinal cord
24
Q
Presynaptic neuron
A
the neuron that is transmitting to another
25
Postsynaptic neuron
the receiving neuron
26
Synapse
connection (or space) between two neurons
27
Motor Neuron Function, Polarity, and Root
Function: activates glands and skeletal muscle
Polarity: multipolar
Root: extend in several directions
28
Sensory Neuron Function, Polarity, and Root
Function: carries info from body and world to brain and spinal cord
Polarity: unipolar (outside brian); bipolar (outside brain and spinal cord)
Root: dorsal (afferent)
29
Interneuron Function, Polarity, and Root
Function: connects neurons within CNS
Polarity: multipolar (brain and spinal cord)
Root: short axon that communicates locally
30
Reflex arc
nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between
31
Resting potential
- difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron at rest (between -40 and -80)
- typical resting potential is around -70 mV
32
Action potential
occurs at around -60 mV
33
Hyperpolarization
makes it more negative (-70 to -72)
34
Depolarization
makes it more positive (-70 to -68)
35
Polarization
means there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell
36
EPSP
opens sodium channels
| -this makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
37
IPSP
opens potassium or chloride channels or both
| -this makes it less likely an action potential will occur
38
Absolute Refractory Period (flushing toilet)
brief time during which the neuron cannot fire again
| -because sodium channels cannot reopen
39
Relative Refractory Period (waiting toilet)
neuron can be fired again, but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus
40
All or none law
action potential occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all
41
Electrostatic pressure
spread out the positive or negative charged ions relatively evenly throughout neural tissue as the ions repel like charges in the same area and attracted to opposing charges in different areas
42
Force of diffusion
ions move through the membrane to the side where they are less concentrated
43
Sodium-potassium pump
consists of large protein molecules that move sodium ions through the cell membrane to the outside and potassium ions back inside
44
Saltatory conduction
nerve impulse will jump between the spaces between the nodes of Ranvier
(pieces of insulation that surround the neuron)
45
Continuous conduction
nerve impulse travels down the whole unmyelinated neuron
46
Nervous system consists of...
CNS and PNS
47
CNS consists of...
brain and spinal cord
48
PNS consists of...
Enteric, Somatic, Autonomic- sympathetic, parasympathetic
49
Somatic
motor and sensory neurons that allow us to sense and react to the environment
50
Autonomic
controls smooth muscle, glands, heart and other organs
| -splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic
51
Sympathetic
fight or flight
52
Parasympathetic
slows activity of organs, increases digestion
53
Proliferation
the cells that will become neurons divide and multiply at the rate of 250,000 new cells every minute
54
Migration
newly formed neurons move from the ventricular zone out to their location
55
Synaptogenesis
formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system
56
Pruning
eliminates the connections no longer being used
57
Plasticity
ability to be modified
58
4 lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
59
Frontal lobe
movement and complex human capabilities
- Motor cortex: control voluntary movement
- Prefrontal cortex: planning, impulse control, decision making
60
Parietal lobe
important for body sensations, attention, perception, and spacial localization
-Primary somatosensory cortex: skin senses, body position, and movement
61
Occipital lobe
posterior lobe
| -Visual cortex: map of visual space
62
Temporal lobe
auditory perception
- Auditory cortex
- Wernicke's area: language comprehension and production
63
Hypothalamus
emotions and motivations
64
Hippocampus
long-term memory and spacial navigation
65
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
66
Pituitary gland
"master gland"
| regulates many bodily functions
67
Thalamus
receives info from sensory systems (besides smell) and relays it to respective cortical projection areas
68
Cingulate cortex
error detection and motivation
69
Medulla
regulates breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
70
Pons
arousal, attention, sleep, wakefulness (reticular formation)
| -sensorimotor regulation
71
Cerebellum
motor coordination
72
Broca's area
control speech production, contributing the movements involved in speech and grammatical structure
73
Wernicke's area
association area that interprets language input arriving from the nearby auditory and visual areas
-also generates spoken language through Broca's area and written language by way of the motor cortex
74
Protection layers
bone, meninges, blood-brain barrier
75
Blood-brain barrier
protective layer of endothelial cells between the blood and the brain
76
Fabrication
faking results of a study
77
Gene therapy
concerns with enhancement being reason for use rather than disease treatment
78
File drawer effect
bias in scientific literature due to publishing positive results and not publishing negative results
79
Heritability/concordance rate
scale from 1 to -1 (strongest is closest to either)
80
EEG
cap with multiple electrodes
Temporal resolution- good
Spacial resolution- poor
Uses/strengths- used to detect changes in arousal; quick
81
CT
series of x-rays
Temporal resolution- good
Spacial resolution- good
Uses/strengths- images show density of blood vessels; structure
82
fMRI
```
magnetic resonance imaging
Temporal resolution-poor
Spacial resolution- good
Uses/strengths- measures brain activation by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active areas; function; speed; good picture
Weaknesses- expensive, very slow
```
83
Knockout
a nonfunctioning mutation is introduced into the isolated gene and the altered gene is transferred into embryos
84
After effect of a stroke
Difficulty speaking, reading, writing
| Loss of coordination on right side arm and leg
85
Excitotoxicity
refers to the process by which nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters
86
Hydrocephalus
a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, enlarging the head and sometimes causing brain damage
