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Behavioral Neuroscience 370 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dualism

A
  • mind and brain are separate

- one can exist without the other

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2
Q

Monism

A

mind and body are single substance

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3
Q

Nature vs. Nurture (environment)

A
  • arguments based on emotion, not evidence

- an increasing number of behaviors are turning out to have some degree of hereditary influence (nature)

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4
Q

Nature vs. Nurture (genes)

A
  • fundamental unit of inheritance
  • found on chromosomes
  • 23 pairs
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5
Q

Allele

A
  • different versions of a gene
  • determine a characteristic or disease
  • 1 on each chromosome
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6
Q

Vulnerability

A

more genes for a disorder reduces the threshold required to produce it

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7
Q

Most scientists…

A

REJECT Nature vs. Nurture concept

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8
Q

Glial cells

A

help provide structure, remove waste and destroy pathogens, make myelin, help provide nutrients and oxygen to neurons

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9
Q

Oligodendrocyte cells

A
  • type of glial cell

- component of CNS tissue that may contribute to formation of the myelin sheath

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10
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • the principal glia of the PNS

- wraps around a nerve fiber, forming the myelin sheath

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • convey sensory info to the brain
  • carry out operations involved in thought and feeling
  • send commands out to the body
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12
Q

Agonist

A
  • mimic or increase the effect of a neurotransmitter

- all drugs with a psychological effect interact with neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Antagonist

A

any substance that reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

4 ways to regulate amount of neurotransmitters from synapse

A

Diffusion
Degradation
Reuptake into axon terminal
Uptake by glial cells

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15
Q

Autoreceptor

A
  • sense the amount of transmitter in the cleft

- located on the presynaptic terminals

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16
Q

Dale’s principal

A

a neuron was capable of releasing only one neurotransmitter

actually 2 to 4

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17
Q

Lonotropic receptors

A

open the channels directly to produce the immediate reactions required for muscle activity and sensory processing

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18
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

open channels indirectly and slowly to produce longer-lasting effects

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19
Q

Cell body

A

(or soma)

most prominent part of the neuron

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20
Q

Axon

A

extends like a tail from the cell body and carries info to other locations

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive info from other neurons

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22
Q

Vesicles

A
  • place where neurotransmitter is stored at the chemical synapse
  • “little bladders”
  • calcium ions enter vesicles
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23
Q

Myelin

A
  • fatty tissue that wraps around the axon to insulate it from the surrounding fluid and from other neurons
  • produced in the brain and spinal cord
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24
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that is transmitting to another

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25
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the receiving neuron

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26
Q

Synapse

A

connection (or space) between two neurons

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27
Q

Motor Neuron Function, Polarity, and Root

A

Function: activates glands and skeletal muscle
Polarity: multipolar
Root: extend in several directions

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28
Q

Sensory Neuron Function, Polarity, and Root

A

Function: carries info from body and world to brain and spinal cord
Polarity: unipolar (outside brian); bipolar (outside brain and spinal cord)
Root: dorsal (afferent)

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29
Q

Interneuron Function, Polarity, and Root

A

Function: connects neurons within CNS
Polarity: multipolar (brain and spinal cord)
Root: short axon that communicates locally

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30
Q

Reflex arc

A

nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between

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31
Q

Resting potential

A
  • difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron at rest (between -40 and -80)
  • typical resting potential is around -70 mV
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32
Q

Action potential

A

occurs at around -60 mV

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33
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

makes it more negative (-70 to -72)

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34
Q

Depolarization

A

makes it more positive (-70 to -68)

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35
Q

Polarization

A

means there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

36
Q

EPSP

A

opens sodium channels

-this makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire

37
Q

IPSP

A

opens potassium or chloride channels or both

-this makes it less likely an action potential will occur

38
Q

Absolute Refractory Period (flushing toilet)

A

brief time during which the neuron cannot fire again

-because sodium channels cannot reopen

39
Q

Relative Refractory Period (waiting toilet)

A

neuron can be fired again, but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus

40
Q

All or none law

A

action potential occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all

41
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

spread out the positive or negative charged ions relatively evenly throughout neural tissue as the ions repel like charges in the same area and attracted to opposing charges in different areas

42
Q

Force of diffusion

A

ions move through the membrane to the side where they are less concentrated

43
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

consists of large protein molecules that move sodium ions through the cell membrane to the outside and potassium ions back inside

44
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

nerve impulse will jump between the spaces between the nodes of Ranvier
(pieces of insulation that surround the neuron)

45
Q

Continuous conduction

A

nerve impulse travels down the whole unmyelinated neuron

46
Q

Nervous system consists of…

A

CNS and PNS

47
Q

CNS consists of…

A

brain and spinal cord

48
Q

PNS consists of…

A

Enteric, Somatic, Autonomic- sympathetic, parasympathetic

49
Q

Somatic

A

motor and sensory neurons that allow us to sense and react to the environment

50
Q

Autonomic

A

controls smooth muscle, glands, heart and other organs

-splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic

51
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight

52
Q

Parasympathetic

A

slows activity of organs, increases digestion

53
Q

Proliferation

A

the cells that will become neurons divide and multiply at the rate of 250,000 new cells every minute

54
Q

Migration

A

newly formed neurons move from the ventricular zone out to their location

55
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system

56
Q

Pruning

A

eliminates the connections no longer being used

57
Q

Plasticity

A

ability to be modified

58
Q

4 lobes

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

59
Q

Frontal lobe

A

movement and complex human capabilities

  • Motor cortex: control voluntary movement
  • Prefrontal cortex: planning, impulse control, decision making
60
Q

Parietal lobe

A

important for body sensations, attention, perception, and spacial localization
-Primary somatosensory cortex: skin senses, body position, and movement

61
Q

Occipital lobe

A

posterior lobe

-Visual cortex: map of visual space

62
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory perception

  • Auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area: language comprehension and production
63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

emotions and motivations

64
Q

Hippocampus

A

long-term memory and spacial navigation

65
Q

Amygdala

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

Pituitary gland

A

“master gland”

regulates many bodily functions

67
Q

Thalamus

A

receives info from sensory systems (besides smell) and relays it to respective cortical projection areas

68
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

error detection and motivation

69
Q

Medulla

A

regulates breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

70
Q

Pons

A

arousal, attention, sleep, wakefulness (reticular formation)

-sensorimotor regulation

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor coordination

72
Q

Broca’s area

A

control speech production, contributing the movements involved in speech and grammatical structure

73
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

association area that interprets language input arriving from the nearby auditory and visual areas
-also generates spoken language through Broca’s area and written language by way of the motor cortex

74
Q

Protection layers

A

bone, meninges, blood-brain barrier

75
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

protective layer of endothelial cells between the blood and the brain

76
Q

Fabrication

A

faking results of a study

77
Q

Gene therapy

A

concerns with enhancement being reason for use rather than disease treatment

78
Q

File drawer effect

A

bias in scientific literature due to publishing positive results and not publishing negative results

79
Q

Heritability/concordance rate

A

scale from 1 to -1 (strongest is closest to either)

80
Q

EEG

A

cap with multiple electrodes
Temporal resolution- good
Spacial resolution- poor
Uses/strengths- used to detect changes in arousal; quick

81
Q

CT

A

series of x-rays
Temporal resolution- good
Spacial resolution- good
Uses/strengths- images show density of blood vessels; structure

82
Q

fMRI

A 
magnetic resonance imaging
Temporal resolution-poor
Spacial resolution- good
Uses/strengths- measures brain activation by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active areas; function; speed; good picture
Weaknesses- expensive, very slow
83
Q

Knockout

A

a nonfunctioning mutation is introduced into the isolated gene and the altered gene is transferred into embryos

84
Q

After effect of a stroke

A

Difficulty speaking, reading, writing

Loss of coordination on right side arm and leg

85
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

refers to the process by which nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters

86
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, enlarging the head and sometimes causing brain damage

Behavioral Neuroscience 370 (6 decks)

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