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Behavioral Neuroscience 370 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of stress

A

Social Readjustment
Death of spouse, Divorce, Marital separation, jail, death of close family, major injury/illness, marriage, fired, take out a loan, change in living conditions

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2
Q

Criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A
  • Assumes a given event is equally stressful for all people
  • Data is correlational
  • Males and females tend to cope with stress differently
  • Many of major life events are infrequent it fails to account for daily life stressors
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3
Q

Types of stress

ECEP

A

Extreme negative stress-traumas (war, crimes)
Chronic stressors (illness, financial)
Everyday “hassles” (running late)
“Positive” stress (holiday)

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4
Q

Acute stress

A

lasts minutes to hours
Engagement of sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glads release adrenaline and noradrenaline

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5
Q

Acute stress causes increases in…

A

rate of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

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6
Q

Locus Coeruleus

A

Mediates sympathetic response to stress.
Synthesizes noradrenaline and increase its secretion during stress.
Helps increase arousal, attention, and memory.

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7
Q

Acute stress temporarily shuts down…

A

Reproduction, digestion, growth processes, immune response

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8
Q

Why do body systems shut down during stress?

A

To preserve energy to use in order for us to survive stressful situation.

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson curve

A

too little stress (inactive, laid back) –> optimum stress –> too much stress (exhaustion) –> burn-out (anxiety/panic, breakdown)

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10
Q

Chronic stress

A

Lasting days to years.
Run-away stress response/ stress response not turned off.
Chronically elevated levels of cortisol.
Negative health implications.

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11
Q

HPA axis

A

Hormonal pathway of stress in the body.
Stressful stimuli cause the hypothalamus to activate adrenal cortex via hormonal signals.
Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

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12
Q

What are long-term effects of chronic stress and cortisol?

A

Ulcers, Impaired immune function, Cardiovascular disease, Kill brain cells, Increase weight gain, Alter chromosomes

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13
Q

What affects cellular damage?

A

Excitotoxicity/Neurotoxicity- ability of glutamate/related compounds to destroy neurons due to excessive activation of NMDA receptors

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14
Q

PTSD results in…

A

changes in thoughts/emotions,
arousal,
avoidance,
intrusive memories and flashbacks

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15
Q

What are some ways to reduce stress?

A 
Exercise,
Meditation,
Mindfulness,
Healthy eating,
Sleep,
Set attainable goals, exposure to sunlight, social engagement, pleasant activities
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16
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

A

Situation causes a physiological reaction, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
Event–Specific Arousal–Interpretation–Emotion

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17
Q

What is the Cognitive Theory (Schacter and Singer) theory of emotion?

A

Cognitive appraisal determines the emotion.
Physiological arousal determines the intensity.
Event–General arousal/Cognitive appraisal–Emotion

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18
Q

The Limbic System

A

Anterior cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, septal, amygdala, insular cortex and basal ganglia

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19
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

combine emotional, attentional, and bodily info to bring about conscious emotional experience

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control over the autonomic nervous system.

Produces a variety of emotional expressions.

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21
Q

Septal

A

Simulation produces a sense of pleasure, accompanied by sexual fantasies and arousal.

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in negative emotions.

Participates in memory formation, especially emotional ones.

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23
Q

Insular cortex and basal ganglia

A

Disgust

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24
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex role in emotion?

A

Processes emotional info before action is taken.

Judgments about behavior and its consequences.

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25
Q

Left frontal area deals with…

A

positive emotions

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26
Q

Right frontal area deals with…

A

negative emotions

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27
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Emotional pain.

Pain is translated into emotion within the limbic system.

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28
Q

Dopamine and aggression

A

High in prefrontal cortex, accumbens and in aggressive psychiatric patients

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29
Q

GABA and aggression

A

Inhibits aggression and impulsivity

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30
Q

Serotonin and aggression

A

Low activity and aggression, impairs prefrontal cortex

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31
Q

What do mirror neurons do in emotion?

A

Respond while observing a specific act.
Also respond performing the same act.
This may be why observing emotions in others activates our own brain’s emotional areas.

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32
Q

How is sleep measured?

A

EEG and PSG

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33
Q

PSG

A

“Gold standard” for sleep measurement.
brain activity, muscle tone, eye movements, oxygen levels
These help determine sleep stage.

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34
Q

Stages of sleep cycle

A

We tend to stay in Stage 2.
We experience REM sleep less in the beginning and more later on during the cycle of sleep.
SWS seems to occur earlier on in the sleep cycle and diminish later on.

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A 
Paradoxical sleep
Beta waves- low amplitude, high frequency waves
Atonia-Motor neurons being inhibited
High EOG activity (eye movement)
Higher heart rate and blood pressure
Vivid dreams
36
Q

Homeostatic sleep drive

A

How long has it been since you have last slept?

How much sleep did you get last night?

37
Q

Circadian signals

A

A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hr period.
Light and body temp

38
Q

Zeitgebers (Time Givers)

A

Environmental stimuli that regulate sleep/wake cycle.
Entrain Circadian Rhythm
Lack of cues can lead to 25 hr wake cycle with -8 hrs of sleep.

39
Q

Role of SCN

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Part of anterior hypothalamus.
Pacemaker
Regulates the pineal gland secretion of melatonin.

40
Q

Pons is responsible for ___ in REM.

A

atonia

41
Q

Factors contributing to sleep

A

decreased light> retina> SCN
SCN releases melatonin which has built up during the day. Body temp is lowered.
Adenosine inhibits arousal neurons in Basal Forebrain causing drowsiness.

42
Q

Factors contributing to wake/arousal

A

light> retina> SCN
SCN signals to raise body temp, release S cortisol and inhibits melatonin.
Orexin also released.

43
Q

REM sleep promotes what?

A

childhood neural development

44
Q

Why is Non-REM sleep important?

A

Responds to temp and may promote cerebral recovery

45
Q

How does the body recover during sleep?

A

Toxins carried out in cerebral spinal fluid.
Growth hormones released during SWS.
Memory consolidation

46
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep resulting in non-restorative sleep

47
Q

Insomnia treatment

A 
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-I)
Stimulus control
Sleep restriction
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Medication
48
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Fall into REM sleep suddenly during waking hours.

Many have mutation of HLA-DQ6 gen (reduces orexin)

49
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Progressive relaxation of muscles in the chest, diaphragm, or throat.
Snoring, choking, gasping for air during sleep
Excessive daytime sleepiness

50
Q

Treatments for sleep apnea

A

Weight loss, surgery, CPAP machine

51
Q

What 2 items are part of sense of self?

A

anterior cingulate and insula

52
Q

How mirror neurons contribute to sense of self?

A

responsible for social understanding intentions of others

53
Q

Immediate memory

A

Lasts less than a second.
Memories used to stitch together our surroundings.
Fades quickly.

54
Q

Working memory

A

Memories stored long enough for them to be useful.

Gone after use.

55
Q

Long-term memory

A

Info that can remain in our brains indefinitely.

Memories we have made special effort to commit to long-term.

56
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

unable to form new memories

Can remember long-term memories but struggle with recent memories.

57
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can form new memories.

Have very few memories from the past.

58
Q

Glutamate is required for ___ and ___.

A

consolidation and retrieval

59
Q

How does the prefrontal cortex work with memory?

A

Integrates long-term memory with other info.
Manages strategies and decision making.
Directs working memory traffic in brain.
Coordinates sensory and motor systems.

60
Q

Hebb rule

A

When two neurons fire together, the synapse between them strengthens
(Cells that fire together wire together)

61
Q

LTP

A

Forming and recalling memories
synapse becomes stronger over time;
strengthened through induction

62
Q

LTD

A

Forgetting, deleting incorrect info, making space for new memories

63
Q

LTP versus LTD

A

High frequency stimulation elicits LTP.

Low frequency stimulation elicits LTD.

64
Q

During LTP

A

Postsynaptic nitric oxide release triggers increased presynaptic neurotransmitter release

65
Q

Structural changes from LTP include…

A
  • Increased number, enlargement, and growth of dendritic spines.
  • Transport of additional AMPA receptors into the spines.
66
Q

LTP initiated growth of ___.

A

hippocampus

67
Q

Consolidation takes place during ___.

A

sleep

68
Q

What happens during consolidation?

A

Neurons in hippocampus and cortical areas repeat firing patterns that occurred during awake learning.

69
Q

Extinction

A

Eliminates useless memories through new learning.

Requires activation of NMDA receptors.

70
Q

Forgetting

A

Active, adaptive biological process

Enzyme PP1, Rac protein encourage memory loss.

71
Q

Reconsolidation

A

During memory retrieval.

Opportunity to refine memory and create memories that never happened.

72
Q

How do amyloid plaques contribute to Alzheimer’s?

A

interfere with neural transmission

73
Q

How do neurofibrillary tangles contribute to Alzheimer’s?

A

associated with neural death

74
Q

Reserve Hypothesis

A

Mind’s resistance to damage in the brain.

High idea density in early life delays onset of symptoms.

75
Q

___ increases cognitive capacity and neurogenesis.

A

Life-long learning

76
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Progressive, irreversible brain deterioration almost always caused by chronic alcoholism.
Deficiency in vitamin B1

77
Q

Confabulation

A

due to confusion between reality and memory

78
Q

Problem of measuring intelligence

A

Debate whether intelligence is a single capability or a collection of abilities

79
Q

Evidence for genetic contribution to intelligence

A

Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQ scores than adopted environments

80
Q

Evidence for environmental contribution to intelligence

A

APA task force found no direct evidence of IQ differences between African Americans and Caucasian Americans.
Socioeconomic status a stronger factor than ethnicity.

81
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

Social deficits, communication difficulties ad repetitive behaviors.
Lack a theory of mind
Lack of empathy

82
Q

Theory of mind

A

infer another’s thoughts based on experience

83
Q

Brain differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

Lack of amygdala and vmPFC coordination, decreased white matter, abnormal levels of serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and oxytocin

84
Q

Characteristics of ADHD

A

Reduced dopamine pathway activity

Reduced Prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and right caudate nucleus of the striatum

85
Q

How does the James-Lange theory differ from the Schacter and Singer theory?

A

SnS theory includes cognitive appraisal.
ex.-JL: See bear, the react by sweating and running. After we start running, we start to feel emotion of fear.
SnS: React by moving away and sweating, then realize what is going on, then feel fear.

Behavioral Neuroscience 370 (6 decks)

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