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Behavioral Neuroscience 370 > Homework Review Test 2 > Flashcards

Homework Review Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What evidence suggests that testosterone plays a role in female sexual behavior?

A
  • Sexual behavior in women decreases at menopause when testosterone levels decline
  • Testosterone levels peak at mid-cycle when women are more likely to initiate sexual activity
  • Testosterone treatment given to women with their ovaries removed increases sexual arousal and behavior
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2
Q

Which increases in the nucleus accumbens during sexual activity?

A

dopamine

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3
Q

The amygdala is involved in

A
  • sexual behavior in both males and females
  • aggression
  • emotions
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4
Q

Which type of drug does not interfere with sexual activity?

A

dopamine agonists

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5
Q

Which area plays a role in integrating sensory and hormonal info, as well as coordinating physiological responses involved in sexual behavior?

A

sexually dimorphic nucleus

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6
Q

What is true about the role of the autonomic nervous system in sexual behavior in males?

A

Stimulation of D1 receptors activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which increases motivation and erection

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7
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a degenerative memory and movement disease
L-DOPA therapy
-increase in sexual activity

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8
Q

What is true about pheromones and human behavior?

A

Pheromones operate in fear-provoking situations

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9
Q

The bonding process in prairie voles involves

A
  • activation of the AVPR1A gene
  • release of oxytocin
  • the presence of vasopressin
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10
Q

Oxytocin is involved in

A
  • bonding
  • muscle contractions involved in lactation and orgasm
  • social recognition
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11
Q

When humans are classified as male or female based on their biological characteristics

A

sex

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12
Q

Set of behaviors considered appropriate for males but not for females and vice versa in a given society is

A

gender role

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13
Q

Which parent gives the defective gene for colorblindness?

A

mom

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14
Q

In the absence of the SRY gene, the undifferentiated gonads

A

develop into ovaries

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15
Q

Androgens are produced by the

A
  • testes
  • adrenal glands
  • ovaries
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16
Q

Activating effects

A

occur anytime in the individual’s lifetime

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17
Q

Organizing effect

A
  • maturation of the genitals
  • changes in stature
  • development of the clitoris
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18
Q

Gender differences in cognitive performance

A
  • Great deal of overlap b/t males and females in these characteristics
  • Differences that exist are task specific
  • Males are better than females on tasks requiring mental rotation of 3D objects, but less so on other spatial tasks
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19
Q

The conclusion that homicide rates vary dramatically from one culture to another points to a

A

Environmental influence on aggression

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20
Q

Male-female differences

A
  • Males are more genetically resistant to pain than females
  • Men are less affected by stress than women
  • Males are more susceptible to ADHD
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21
Q

A woman who feels more like a man than a woman has a ___ that does not match her sex.

A

gender identity

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22
Q

Characteristics of AIS

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • breast growth at puberty
  • Female external genitalia
  • Male gonads
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23
Q

The concept of motivation is used to explain

A

behavioral control other than by external stimuli

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24
Q

Critics of drive theory state that

A

many behaviors are not related to satisfying needs

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25
Methods used to decrease body temperature in hot weather
sweating, decrease metabolism, dilation of blood vessels
26
Warmth-sensitive and cold-sensitive cells that help mammals regulate their body temp are found in the ___ of the hypothalamus.
preoptic area
27
Hypovolemic thirst occurs when
there has been excessive blood loss
28
Receptors in the ___ detect the presence of water and trigger the feeling of satiety for water.
stomach
29
Papillae
bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
30
If you had the inability t taste your food, which brain area might be having a problem?
insular area of the frontal lobe
31
6 yr old Dana ate a hot dog and then got sick. Now she hates hot dogs due to...
learned taste aversion
32
Eating is initiated by the...
paraventricular nucleus
33
During the absorptive phase of digestion
insulin is secreted, which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
34
During the fasting phase of digestion
the pancreas secretes glucagon
35
While Jack knew he was hungry, his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.
arcuate nucleaus
36
Linzie was wondering if a gene mutation in the rat that increased neuropeptide Y would produce an animal with a genetic basis for
obesity
37
Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome may have some defect in their ___ system.
ghrelin
38
What happened to the rat with lesion damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?
It ate uncontrollably and therefore got very obese.
39
When you feel full after a meal, you stop eating because...
- Stretch receptors in the stomach send a message to the nucleus of the solitary tract. - Nutrients in the stomach and intestines reduce subsequent eating. - The stomach and intestines release peptides to inform the brain about consumed nutrients.
40
CCK helps give Phil that "full feeling" via its effects, conveyed by the ___ to Phil's ___ and ultimately to his ___.
vagus nerve NST hypothalamus
41
The amount of leptin in the blood is proportional to...
fat levels
42
If you need to eat more food to maintain your body temp, as a result, which will also go up?
your basal metabolism
43
According to a 2011 survey, the number of obese individuals has ___ since 1980 worldwide.
doubled
44
Compulsive eating and drug abuse are both associated with ___ in___ receptors.
deficits | D2
45
What is a drug?
a chemical that alters the body or its functioning
46
What is the defining feature of addiction?
being preoccupied with a drug, compulsive use and increased tolerance
47
Opiates have analgesic effects, which means they can ___.
reduce pain
48
A key reason for heroin being so addictive is that it...
easily and rapidly enters the brain
49
What could cause someone to overdose even if it is the same amount that they had been using previously?
administering the drug in a novel environment
50
What are potential adverse effects of alcohol consumption?
coma, death, cirrhosis of the liver, aggression
51
What kind of people are most likely to be impulsive and have memory disorders?
binge drinkers
52
Alcohol does what?
inhibits the release of glutamate
53
Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of ___ in the Western world.
intellectual impairment
54
Barbiturates do what?
open the chloride channels in the GABA complex
55
Benzos replaced barbiturates because...
they are less likely to produce an accidental overdose
56
What is a benzo effect?
the anxiolytic effects involve suppressing the limbic system
57
Dopamine does what?
increases in the synapse when cocaine blocks its reuptake
58
What do amphetamines do?
increase concentration
59
Nicotine does what?
stimulates the ACh receptor
60
Phencyclidine was developed as an anesthetic, but abandoned for clinical use in humans because it...
produces schizophrenic symptoms
61
Why are researchers particularly concerned about the effects of heavy marijuana smoking on the user, based on recent studies?
daily use reduces the volume of the hippocampus and amygdala
62
The major drug reward system is located in the _______.
mesolimbocortical dopamine system
63
Withdrawal symptoms are due to _______.
mechanisms separate from the mechanisms of addiction.
64
PET imaging reveals that chronic drug users are more likely to become addicts due to...
a reduced number of dopamine receptors
65
Long-term alcohol abuse can result in ____, which consists of memory loss and coordination problems.
Korsakoff's syndrome
66
What are the 2 systems involved in decision making?
Thrill-seeking and impulsivity
67
What area of the brain is thought to be responsible for cognitive control?
Prefrontal cortex
68
Which decision making system develops first?
Ventral Striatum
69
Immediate payoffs in yearly dividends vs. higher return rate but requires the money to be invested longer Which is the main decision making factor?
Delay of expected gain
70
Which is not a main factor impacting decision making?
Vasopressin levels
71
What comes with age?
Increases in cognitive control
72
Which area of the brain is thought to mediate the various factors impacting decisions?
Anterior cingulate cortex
73
Peer acceptance is thought to be a factor that impacts adolescent decision but plays less of a role in adults. What is the reason for this difference?
A greater development of the cognitive-control network in adults
74
Insula is involved in assessing risk. Insula activity ____ when making a risky decision.
increases
75
In which types of situations do emotions play a great role in decision making?
When rewards or punishments are uncertain.
76
Adolescence are thought to be at an increased vulnerability for risky behavior due to...
High reward-seeking and immature self-regulatory capacity

Behavioral Neuroscience 370 (6 decks)

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