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Biology > Homeostasis (paper2) > Flashcards

Homeostasis (paper2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of the hormonal system like

A

Slower than nervous system

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2
Q

How are hormones carried around the body

A

Through the blood

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3
Q

Where are hormones released from

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Name six endocrine glands

A

Pancreas, ovaries, testes, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

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5
Q

What is a target organ

A

An organ that is affected by a specific hormone

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6
Q

How do hormones affect the target organs

A

They change what they are doing

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7
Q

Name two sex hormones

A

Oestrogen and testosterone

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8
Q

What is your metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive

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9
Q

How is resting metabolic rate measured

A

With your body at rest, in a warm room and after a meal

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10
Q

What is a hormone that affects your metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine

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11
Q

How does thyroxine affect the body

A

It makes the heart cells pump faster and stronger, and it increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down in cells

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12
Q

What is the control of thyroxine concentration an example of

A

A negative feedback

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13
Q

What triggers Adrenalin to be released

A

Frightening or exciting situations, when an increase in impulses from neurones reaching the glands from the spinal cord triggers it

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14
Q

What is the function of a target organ of Adrenalin

A

The liver, as it causes the breakdown of a storage substance called glycogen

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15
Q

What does Adrenalin trigger

A

The flight or fight response

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16
Q

Name an affect of Adrenalin on blood vessels

A

Blood vessels to muscles - widen to increase blood flow

Blood vessels to other organs - narrow to increase blood pressure and blood flow to other muscles

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17
Q

When does the menstrual cycle continue from and until

A

Puberty to menapause

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18
Q

What does the menstrual cycle prepare a woman’s body for

A

Fertilisation of an egg cell leading to pregnancy

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19
Q

What happens at day 1

A

The thickened part of the uterus lining and an unfertilised egg are shed through a period

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20
Q

What is ovulation

A

When an egg cell is released from the ovary

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21
Q

What two hormones are released by the ovaries

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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22
Q

What is contraception

A

The prevention of fertilisation

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23
Q

Name the route of a sperm cell

A

Cervix to uterus to oviducts

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24
Q

What is ART

A

Assisted reproductive technology

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25
Q

How does ART work

A

Uses hormones and other techniques to increase change of pregnancy

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26
Q

What type of therapy is used on women that rarely or never release an egg

A

Clomifene therapy

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27
Q

How does this type of therapy work

A

A clomifene drug increases concentration of FSH and LH in the blood

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28
Q

Name another type of ART

A

IVF ( in vitro fertilisation )

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29
Q

What problems does ivf overcome

A

Blocked oviducts, or low sperm count

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30
Q

What are urine tests used for

A

To test pregnancy and diseases such as diabetes

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31
Q

Where is glucose absorbed

A

The small intestine

32
Q

Why is it dangerous if there is too much glucose in the blood

A

It can damage organs

33
Q

What target organ and hormone are associated with diabetes

A

Liver and insulin from the pancreas

34
Q

What does insulin tell liver cells

A

To take in glucose and in turn lower blood sugar levels

35
Q

What is glucose turned into when absorbed by the liver

A

Glycogen

36
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone that is released when blood sugar levels are too low

37
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Tells the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and release it back into the blood stream

38
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining constant conditions inside the body

39
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

When the pancreatic cells do not produce insulin as the bodies immune system has attacked these cells

40
Q

Where do type 1 diabetics inject insulin

A

The fat layer below the skin

41
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or target organs not responding properly

42
Q

How do you control type 2

A

Eating healthily and exercising regularly

43
Q

What is needed for more severe cases

A

Medicine to reduce the amount of glucose that the liver releases or medicine to increase sensitivity to insulin in target organ cells

44
Q

How is the waist to hip ratio calculated

A

Waist measurement divided by hip measurement

45
Q

What correlates to getting type 2 diabetes

A

BMI and waist to hip ratio

46
Q

What does a body temp of 38c cause

A

A fever

47
Q

What does a body temp of 36c cause

A

Hypothermia

48
Q

Why are they both dangerous

A

They affect the way enzymes work

49
Q

What is the control of body temp called

A

Thermoregulation

50
Q

What part of the brain controls temp

A

They hypothalamus

51
Q

How does the hypothalamus gain information

A

From temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin

52
Q

What do receptors inside the hypothalamus detect

A

Temp changes in the brain and blood

53
Q

Name a technique that the body uses to warm up

A

Shivering as the muscles contract and relax quickly in which the energy released by respiration warms you up a bit

54
Q

Name two more techniques

A

Contraction of the erector muscles in the dermis of this skin to trap a layer of insulated air within the hairs
Reduced blood flow near skin to reduce the rate of transfer of energy to the air

55
Q

How does sweating cool us down

A

A layer of sweat is spread out across the skin, and is evaporated. This transfers energy from the skin to the surroundings
More blood flows nearer the skin so the blood can transfer energy out easier

56
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

57
Q

What is vasodilation

A

The arteries widening

58
Q

What is thermoregulation another example of

A

Negative feedback

59
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

The control of water and mineral salts in the body

60
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood, including water and salts and urea

61
Q

Why is water needed in a cell

A

To maintain its shape

62
Q

What is urea and where is it produced

A

Urea is the waste product of amino acids and is produced in the liver

63
Q

Where and what by is urea carried to

A

The kidneys by the blood

64
Q

What is kidney failure

A

When both kidneys stop working

65
Q

Why is this dangerous

A

As the concentration of many substances in the blood will be too high

66
Q

What does someone with kidney failure need

A

A transplant, and dialysis while they are waiting every few days

67
Q

What do kidney cells have on them

A

Antigens

68
Q

Why could this be bad in an organ donation

A

The body’s immune system could reject and attack the organ as it is foreign

69
Q

What are the tiny microscopic tubes in the kidney called

A

Nephrons

70
Q

What is made in the nephrons

A

Urine

71
Q

Name three ways that the nephron is adapted

A

Large surface area of contact between capillaries and nephron
Tiny folds in first convoluted tubules called microvilli which increases surface area to volume ratio
Cells that contain protein pumps have mitochondria for energy

72
Q

What gland detects too little water

A

Pituitary

73
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland release

A

ADH anti diuretic hormone

74
Q

What is the affect of ADH

A

It increases the permeability of the collecting duct which increases the concentration of urine

75
Q

What happens if the collecting duct is permeable

A

Water is absorbed by osmosis from the collecting duct and goes back into the blood

Biology (10 decks)

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