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Biology > Cells, food tests and specialisation (paper1) > Flashcards

Cells, food tests and specialisation (paper1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make protein

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2
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

Makes energy and respiration happens here

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3
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Fills the cell

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4
Q

What do the nuclear pores do?

A

Allows things to pass freely to and from the nucleus

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5
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Allows things to pass to and from the cell

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6
Q

What does the nuclear membrane do?

A

Keeps the nucleus together

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7
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the cell

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8
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Storage space that contains the cells nutrients

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9
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Contain chlorophyll and photosynthesis happens here

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10
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes with no nucleus

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11
Q

What does the slime coat do?

A

Allows the bacteria to move quicker

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12
Q

What does a bacteria contain?

A

Chromosomal and plasmid DNA

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13
Q

What is on the back of a bacteria?

A

Flagellum(tail)

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14
Q

Where are villi found?

A

The small intestine

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15
Q

What is an adaptation of a villi?

A

Increased surface area to absorb more

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16
Q

Does villi have a rich blood supply?

A

Yes

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17
Q

In a sperm cell, what is acrosome?

A

Something that contains special enzymes that help it burrow and fuse with egg cell

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18
Q

What does a sperm have a lot of?

A

Mitochondria so it can release a lot of energy

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19
Q

What does an egg cell have surrounding it?

A

A hard jelly substance that hardens when fertilised and acts as a shock absorber

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20
Q

What does the ciliated epithelial cell do?

A

Helps move the egg in the oviduct and helps move mucus in airways

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21
Q

What’s a plasmid?

A

A genetic structure in a bacteria that can replicate the chromosomes

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22
Q

What do both sperm and egg cells have?

A

23 chromosomes(haploid)

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23
Q

What’s a haploid?

A

A cell having one set of unpaired chromosomes

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24
Q

What’s a diploid?

A

A cell having two complete sets of chromosomes

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25
Q

What’s a body cell?

A

Diploid

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26
Q

What can a fertilised egg cell be called?

A

Zygote

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27
Q

What process is the egg cell made in?

A

Meiosis, a body cell splitting and halving its chromosomes

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28
Q

What do the nutrients in the egg cell help?

A

Cell division after fertilisation

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29
Q

What’s the magnification formula?

A

Total magnification=objective lens x eye piece lens

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30
Q

What’s after the total magnification?

A

Size seen in mm divided by magnification

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31
Q

What test is used to find starch?

A

Iodine solution

32
Q

What test is used to find simple carbohydrates(sugars)?

A

Benedicts solution

33
Q

What test is used to find protein?

A

Birvet solution(sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate)

34
Q

What test is used to find fat?

A

Ethanol emulsion

35
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules or kilojoules

36
Q

What is the formula for energy released?

A

Energy released per g= mass of water x change in temp x 5.2 divided by mass of food

37
Q

What’s the best place to count energy?

A

Calorimeter

38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

39
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

Speed up the rate of a reaction

40
Q

What’s a substrate?

A

Polymer

41
Q

What’s a product?

A

Monomer

42
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch

43
Q

What does trypsin break down?

A

Protein

44
Q

What’s in an enzyme?

A

An active site

45
Q

What happens in the active site?

A

It breaks down or builds up a substrate that fits in(lock and key)

46
Q

What temp does an enzyme work best at?

A

Body temp

47
Q

What happens to an enzyme after it reaches its optimum temp?

A

The rate of breaking down goes down as the active site starts to denature

48
Q

What is amylases optimum temp?

A

37c

49
Q

What indicator can we use to see the concentration of something?

A

Phelolphthalei

50
Q

The higher the concentration the quicker the what?

A

The quicker the time it takes to diffuse

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high gradient to a lower.

52
Q

In diffusion/osmosis, the particles go down a what?

A

Concentration gradient

53
Q

Over what do particles move?

A

A semi permeable membrane

54
Q

A solvent flows from a what to a more concentrated one

A

A dilute solution of solute

55
Q

What can a membrane also contain?

A

A special protein pump

56
Q

What can be actively transported into a root cell?

A

Minerals suck as nitrates and phosphates

57
Q

What does the active transport require?

A

Energy

58
Q

What does active transport act against?

A

A concentration gradient

59
Q

What are the types of stem cells

A

Adult and embryonic

60
Q

What’s a specialised cell

A

A cell with a particular job

61
Q

At what age are embryonic stem cells obtained

A

3-4 days

62
Q

How can stem cells help in medicine

A

They can be transplanted into a faulty blood system in a leukaemia patient to make healthy blood cells

63
Q

What’s a prokaryote

A

A cell with a nucleus

64
Q

What’s a eukaryote

A

A cell without a nucleus

65
Q

What affects the detail of the image in a microscope

A

It’s resolution

66
Q

What can help us see specimens more clearly

A

Stains

67
Q

What is the use of the flagellum

A

So the bacteria can move

68
Q

What type of dna do bacteria have

A

One loop of chromosomal dna and a few small loops of plasmids

69
Q

What does chromosomal and plasmid dna do in bacteria

A

Controls its activities

70
Q

What do bacteria do to get energy

A

Release digestive enzymes into their environment then absorb digested food into their cells

71
Q

What is protein made out of

A

Amino acids

72
Q

What is starch made out of

A

Glucose molecules

73
Q

What are lipids made out of

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

74
Q

Building larger molecules from smaller subunits is called what

A

Synthesis

75
Q

What does the coverslip do

A

Hold it flat and in place, and stops it form drying out

Biology (10 decks)

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