Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Health and Disease(paper1) > Flashcards

Health and Disease(paper1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does selective breeding do

A

It chooses a useful characteristic to improve an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of characteristics for selective breeding

A

Improve yield, flavour, disease resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the problems with selective breeding

A

Loss of alleles and animal welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does genetic engineering do

A

It changes the DNA of an organism (it’s genome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a pro and con for genetic engineering

A

To fast but expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering

A

Use restriction enzyme to cut out the desired gene from the human DNA. Use the same enzyme to cut the bacterial DNA plasmid. Use ligase enzyme on the sticky ends to stick the gene into the plasmid. Insert plasmid into bacteria then leave to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is golden rice

A

It’s rice with 2 genes inserted into its genome, one from a daffodil and one from a bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is tissue culture

A

It’s growing cells in a liquid medium containing nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are the cells grown in tissue culture identical

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is it called when cells clump together during tissue culture

A

Callus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are they specialised?

A

No but they can be treated to make them differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the advantages of tissue culture

A

Be able to study how cells communicate
Can make tissue-engineered synthetic organs
Can study viruses that cannot be replicated outside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is needed to make a transgenic organism

A

A vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an advantage of GM crops?

A

Increased yield as it is harmful to the insects eating it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the disadvantages of GM crops

A

It kills human kidney cells
Loss of biodiversity
Cruelty on insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is biological control

A

An organism used to control pests and/or weeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define physical wellbeing

A

Free from disease, eating and sleeping well, limited alcohol/drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define social wellbeing

A

Getting on with others, how surrounding affect you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define mental wellbeing

A

How you feel about yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define disease

A

A problem with a structure or body process not caused by injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are diseases caused by

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are diseases communicable

A

Yes, they can be passed along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does non-communicable mean

A

It’s not carried from an infected person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define genetic disorder

A

A genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define malnutrition

A

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name a non communicable disease

A

Genetic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can too much alcohol do to your liver

A

It can get cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the BMI equation

A

BMI= mass over height squared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can substances in tobacco do

A

Damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure, make blood vessels narrower and increase the risk of blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can CV disease be treated

A

Exercising and eating healthily and stopping smoking. Medicine can also be given.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can a narrow blood vessel be widened

A

By inserting a stent to hold it open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are blocked arteries bypassed

A

By inserting other blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does cholera cause

A

Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by

A

Different bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name some symptoms of TB

A

Blood specked mucus, fever, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do cholera and TB have in common

A

Both communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are humans to pathogens

A

Hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is malaria caused by

A

Pathogens that multiply in red blood cells and liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does malaria cause

A

Fever, weakness and sickness

40
Q

How do viruses multiply

A

By infecting cells and taking over cells DNA-copying processes

41
Q

What does HIV attack

A

White blood cells

42
Q

Where do 50% of people have a hidden bacteria

A

Stomach, where it can cause either ulcers or nothing

43
Q

How long can flu viruses last in the air for

A

A day

44
Q

What is good hygiene

A

Keeping things clean to remove or kill pathogens

45
Q

What is it called when pathogens enter the body through the mouth

A

The oral route

46
Q

What is oral-faecal transmission

A

Touching your mouth after going to the toilet

47
Q

What is an epidemic

A

When many people became infected

48
Q

Why was the Ebola breakout an epidemic

A

Because it enters the body easily through broken skin or the eyes, moth and nose. And people caught it when burying those who had it

49
Q

What are vectors

A

Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next

50
Q

All viruses contain what

A

One or more strands of genetic material, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

51
Q

What are viruses unable to do

A

Replicate

52
Q

What is lysis

A

Complete breakdown of the cell due to the virus

53
Q

Viruses that cause lysis go through what

A

The lytic pathway

54
Q

The effect of viruses on bacteria can be studied using what

A

Bacterial lawn plates

55
Q

What are plates made with

A

Nutrient agar

56
Q

What is the cuticle

A

The waxy layer covering leaves and stems

57
Q

What does the cuticle act as

A

A physical barrier

58
Q

Name another outer physical barrier

A

Bark and thorns

59
Q

If pathogens get through the barrier, what must they do

A

Penetrate tough cell walls

60
Q

How do the pathogens get through the cell wall

A

By releasing enzymes that soften cell walls

61
Q

What is another way that the pathogens get into the cells

A

By infecting weaker parts if the plant like young shoots and parts that aren’t growing as well

62
Q

What are physical barriers not good protection against

A

Herbivores and pests like aphids and caterpillars

63
Q

What do plants use instead for these animals

A

Chemical barriers

64
Q

Name some chemical barriers

A

Poison and insect repellent

65
Q

What is aspirin used to control

A

Symptoms of pain or fever

66
Q

What acid is in aspirin

A

Salicylic which is made by willow trees and other plants

67
Q

What is used to sterilise equipment

A

An autoclave

68
Q

What is the process of keeping everything in a lab sterile called

A

Aseptic techniques

69
Q

What do farmers use to see if their crops are under stress

A

Drones

70
Q

Why is identifying the cause of stress on plants essential

A

So the farmer can treat it to prevent loss of yield

71
Q

Name some visible symptoms of stress in plants

A

Changes in growth, colour, lesions or blotching of leaves

72
Q

What is distribution analysis

A

Where damaged plants occur, and their patterns (soil pathogens in small area, flooding large area)

73
Q

What do tests allow

A

A diagnosis of a problem

74
Q

What does diagnostic testing do

A

Allows the farmer to have a more clear and certain result of the problems

75
Q

Name the body’s physical barrier

A

Skin

76
Q

What is lysozyme

A

An enzyme that is secreted from the skin and breaks down the cell walls of bacteria

77
Q

What is lysozyme a type of

A

Chemical barrier

78
Q

What do ciliated cells do

A

Move pathogens and dust away

79
Q

What is secreted in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens

80
Q

Where is lysozyme found

A

In all opening in the body

81
Q

How do you identify an STI

A

Screening

82
Q

What does the body turn to if pathogens get through all barriers

A

The immune system

83
Q

All cells and virus particles have molecules on the outer surface called what

A

Antigens

84
Q

What is immunisation

A

Having immunity to pathogen by vaccination

85
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When if it is too risky to give a child a vaccine, there is a very small chance that it will matter as 95 of people around him or her will be vaccined so it won’t come into contact

86
Q

How was penicillin founded

A

By accident when mould grew on an agar plate

87
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A substance that can either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes

88
Q

Why are antibiotics good

A

They don’t have an effect on human cells

89
Q

What is meant by antibiotic resistance

A

When bacteria are no longer harmed by antibiotics

90
Q

What is the first step in developing new medicines

A

Pre-clinical stage where it is tested on cells in a lab to see if it has the required effect

91
Q

Why is testing done

A

Do see and eliminate harmful side effects

92
Q

What happens next

A

Once it has passed the first stage, it is tested on animals then a small clinical trial on a group of healthy adults

93
Q

What happens if this stage is successful

A

Then it is moved onto a large clinical trial which means it is used on people who actually have the disease

94
Q

What does the large clinical trial help with

A

Correct dose, and to check for side effects in different people

95
Q

How do pregnancy tests work

A

By detecting a hormone with antibodies

96
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for

A

Medical diagnosis

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions