Homeostasis, Locomotion, and Feeding Flashcards
The maintenance of internal body parameters within ranges that allow an organism to function. The coordination of multiple regulatory systems is necessary.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is primarily achieved by two systems:
The endocrine and nervous system
A group of glands (and some other structures) that produce hormones
Endocrine system
Long-distance cell-to-cell signaling molecules that are typically excreted into the blood so that they travel throughout the body (produced in response to a neural cue or another signaling molecule)
Hormones
Hormones may be either ____-derived or ____-derived. These enter cells differently
amino-acid (peptide) or steroid
Amino-acid (peptide) hormones enter cells via:
Surface receptor/channel
Steroid hormones enter cells via:
Passing through the membrane (may use channels)
Hormones circulate through the ____, so all/most cells are exposed to these chemical messages
blood
The process of any kind of cell-to-cell signal moving into a cell and eliciting a response
Signal transduction
Organisms that are ______ have internal body temperatures that are similar to their environment. They regulate their body temperature by relocating to areas with temperatures that support their homeostasis.
Ectotherms
An individual ectothermic fish may rely heavily on _______, which are alternate forms of the same enzyme that function best under different conditions (e.g., pH and temperature)
Isozyme
Within an ectothermic fish species, different populations may possess different ________, or variations of enzymes produced by different alleles of the same gene that allow them to adapt to the local climate
Allozymes
Organisms that are ________ generate heat internally, which requires energy expenditure
Endothermic
Organisms that generate heat to keep their eyes and brains warm are _____ ________
Regional endotherms
Species that can closely regulate their temperature throughout the body shunt cold blood from the gills through a ____ _______ that warms the blood using heat from swimming muscles
Rete mirabile
Most fishes are _______ that maintain relatively constant internal ion (osmotic) concentrations
Osmoregulators
How do freshwater fishes maintain relatively constant osmotic concentrations?
Freshwater fishes excrete a large volume of dilute urine and actively transport salts back into the blood
Hagfishes are _________ that have internal osmotic concentrations similar to the surrounding water
Osmoconformers
To remove nitrogenous wastes from the body, most fishes secrete ______ through their gills
Ammonia (NH3)
A type of drag that involves friction between the fish’s body and water. Although it is not greatly affected by speed, this drag heavily influences body fin and shape.
Viscous (frictional) drag
A type of drag that is the result of pressure differences caused by the displacement of water as a fish moves. This drag increases with speed and also heavily influences body shape.
Pressure (inertial) drag
What are the three major feeding modes?
Suction, biting, and ram feeding
What anatomical structures determine protrusion distance in acanthomorphs?
The premaxilla and ascending arm
What hormone triggers vertebrate metamorphosis?
Thyroid hormone
The extra pair of jaws in the throat
Pharyngeal jaws
The condition of having advanced pharyngeal jaws
Pharyngognathy
