Early life history of fishes Flashcards
What are the four developmental stages?
Embryo, larva, juvenile, adult
If a fish undergoes little to no change in body size after reaching adulthood, it is said to have ______ _____
Determinate growth
The continual increase in length and volume that occurs in most fishes throughout their lives
Indeterminate growth
Larvae often have spines that confound ___-____ predators
Gape-limited
Indeterminate growth leads to size-structured populations in which different size individuals essentially function as different species, the so-called _________ ____.
Ontogenetic niche
When some part of the fish grows at a rate different from the rest of the fish during development.
Allometric growth
The idea that development occurs with periods of gradual change punctuated by significant events or thresholds that allow for rapid change
Saltatory development
The development of spermatozoa (sperm)
Spermatogenesis
In internal fertilizers, sperm is released in packets called ______.
Spermatophores
The development of eggs
Oogenesis
Proteinaceous yolk granules are deposited around primary oocytes during ________, which is the process of precursors of yolk material being manufactured in the liver.
Vitellogenesis
The number of eggs released by a female during a spawning bout or breeding cycle
Fecundity
The number of viable offspring produced
Fertility
Fecundity generally _________ with increasing egg size and with increasing parental care, but _________ with body size in an individual
Decreases, increases
The outer vitelline membrane of the egg
Chorion
___ __________ may serve as nutrition for embryos, as flotation mechanisms, and, when pigmented with melanin, may help protect sensitive developing structures from harmful radiation
Oil globules
(In an egg) The space between the chorion and the yolk
Perivitelline space
____________ ______ includes food intake and its transfer to the gonads, as well as energy expenditure in somatic versos gonadal growth
Reproductive effort
Spawners that spawn only once in a breeding season or lifetime
Total spawners
A funnel-shaped hole in the egg membrane that a sperm enters through
Micropyle
Entry of more than one sperm
Polyspermy
________ is when a species stores sperm and uses it to fertilize multiple batches of eggs, of which may be developing simultaneously
Superfetation
_________ is when a female uses sperm from males of other species to activate cell division, but no male genetic material is actually incorporated into the zygote
Gynogenetic
Internal fertilization requires that males possess a ________ _____ for injecting sperm
Intromittent organ
A process after fertilization in which the chorion of the egg stiffens, which serves to protect the developing embryo
Water hardening
The mother releases eggs that then rely on yolk for nutrition
Oviparous
The young develop inside the mother and the mother provides nutrition via a placental connection, secretions, or additional eggs and embryos eaten by the developing young
Viviparous
A nonspecific term used for advanced larvae or early juveniles
Fry
Development that involves a larval phase with distinct metamorphosis into the juvenile stage
Indirect development
Development that involves a very brief or not definable larval stage (the fish hatches into a miniature but immature adult)
Direct development
Only about 25% of larvae react to approaching predators, usually by a startle response involving ________ ____, which are a pair of large, early-developing interneurons that connect the hindbrain with motor neurons in the spinal column and cause the body to flex suddenly.
Mauthner cells
Directional movement against the general net flow of water out of an estuary may involve _________ _____ stream transport, during which small fish ride favorable currents and avoid unfavorable ones, usually by moving up into the water column on flood tides and down to the bottom during ebb tides.
Selective tidal (stream transport)
