Homeostasis/Heme Flashcards
Normal body temp = ________.
You gain heat from ________ and __________.
You lose heat from ________(4).
Normal body temp = 98.6F or 37C.
You gain heat from metabolic processes and the environment.
You lose heat from radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation.
__________ can boost how much heat you lose.
___________: 60%, majority of heat loss.
Sympathetics can boost how much heat you lose.
Radiation: 60%, majority of heat loss. (radiating like the sun)
__________: air currents.
_________: Touching an object or air
Convection: like an oven, air CURRENTS.
Conduction: Touching an object or air, like electricity.
____________: sweat, also the main mechanism if it is too hot outside.
The overall regulator of temperature: _______
Evaporation: sweat, also the main mechanism if it is too hot outside.
The overall regulator of temperature: Hypothalamus
When you sweat ___________ (like after a jog), you can ________ the sodium you normally ________.
When you sweat _________ (like in 120deg weather), you lose a lot of sodium. This is when things like ___________ help with people who are sweating A LOT
You can eventually _______ to sweating a lot without _____________.
When you sweat slowly (like after a jog), you can reabsorb the sodium you normally lose.
When you sweat profusely (like in 120deg weather), you lose a lot of sodium. This is when things like pedialyte/gatorade help with people who are sweating A LOT
You can eventually acclimate to sweating a lot without losing a lot of sodium.
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:
Too cold:
Too cold:
Shivering
Piloerection (goosebumps/hair)
Increased metabolic processes
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:
Too hot:
Too hot:
Vasodilation
Sweat
Slowing metabolic processes
Overall, you are more sensitive to ______ than ______. _______x more receptors.
Fever: Increased set point within the
_________ due to endogenous ________, like_________ and ________.
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:
Overall, you are more sensitive to cold than hot. 10x more receptors.
Fever: Increased set point within the hypothalamus due to endogenous pyrogens, like IL-1 and IL-6.
Do platelets have a nucleus?
What is the normal count?
No
Normal count: 150k-450k
Platlets:
Low =
High =
Low = -penia
High = osis
Platelets:
½ life = ________
Majority of plts are removed by the _______
½ life = 8-12 days
Majority of plts are removed by the SPLEEN
Platelet Plugs Triggering factor:
Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall
Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall makes PLTs _______ and cause them to leak _______, ________, and _________. Attracts more PLTs and __________ vessel to begin sealing it off
Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall. Makes PLTs sticky and cause them to leak vWF, ADP, and thromboxane A2. Attracts more PLTs and constricts vessel to begin sealing it off
Note: Platelet plugs are not a blood clot YET
It only takes ________ seconds to make a platelet plug, but a ________ is formed when you start activating ________.
Generally your body is in an __________ state
It only takes 15-20 seconds to make a platelet plug, but a clot is formed when you start activating fibrin.
Generally your body is in an anticoagulant state
Note: Platelet plugs are not a blood clot YET
Clotting Process:
1: A ruptured vessel/damaged blood cells trigger ____________.
Availability of _________ is the ____________
A ruptured vessel/damaged blood cells trigger prothrombin activator.
Availability of activator is the rate-limiting step.
Clotting Process:
2: Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into __________.
Happens In the presence of sufficient _________
Prothrombin is made in the ______.
Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin.
Happens In the presence of sufficient Calcium ions
Prothrombin is made in the liver.
Clotting Process:
3: Thrombin is what converts __________ to ___________.
__________ is made in the __________.
Thrombin is what converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Fibrinogen is also made in the liver.
Clotting Process Pathways:
___________ = damage to wall triggers (PT is the lab to measure)
________ = damage to RBCs themselves (aPTT is the lab to measure
Pathways:
Extrinsic = damage to wall triggers (PT is the lab to measure)
Intrinsic = damage to RBCs themselves (aPTT is the lab to measure
Anything that begins with pro or ends in gen is usually an ________ form.
Warfarin is a Vit K ___________. Vit K is needed to activate _____________.
Hence, ___________, ___________, __________ = tendency to bleed.
Anything that begins with pro or ends in gen is usually an inactivated form.
Warfarin is a Vit K antagonist. Vit K is needed to activate prothrombin (II).
Hence, Vit K deficiencies or warfarin or liver dz = tendency to bleed.
Overall, liver disease affects _________ heavily.
Clotting is a _________ feedback process, aka it ____________
Overall, liver disease affects coagulation heavily.
Clotting is a positive feedback process, aka it increases more and more upon itself.
General order of clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway:
General order of clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway:
3 + 7 = 10.
Tissue factor = 3
Clotting intrinsic Pathway:
Intrinsic Pathway:
12, 11, 9, 8, 10
Factor ______ is where the common pathway begins.
Common pathway:
Factor 10 is where the common pathway begins.
Common Pathway:
10 divided by 5 = 2 (prothrombin) and then you end with 1!
Extrinsic is the _______ pathway in terms of numbers. You can remember it because you measure it with ______, which is less letters than ______.
You can remember extrinsic is _______ because you ___________________.
Extrinsic is the shorter pathway in terms of numbers. You can remember it because you measure it with PT, which is less letters than PTT.
You can remember extrinsic is PT because you play tennis OUTSIDE.
You must know the difference between what lab measures what.
PT (Extrinsic):
Measures _____________ (AKA _____________ )
You must know the difference between what lab measures what.
PT (Extrinsic):
Measures 1, 2, 5, 7, 10 (AKA common pathway + extrinsic)
You must know the difference between what lab measures what.
aPTT):
Measures _____________
You must know the difference between what lab measures what.
aPTT (Intrinsic):
Measure everything BESIDES factor 3 (which it is ironically named for)
Measures 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 (AKA common pathway + intrinsic)
You must know that heparin works by amplifying __________ x____
You must know that heparin works by amplifying Antithrombin 3 100x
The role of antithrombin 3 is _______ and__________ of ________. (Factor ___)
The role of antithrombin 3 is blocking and inactivation of thrombin. (Factor 2)
Plasminogen, once it become ________, can eat ________
Plasminogen, once it become plasmin, can eat fibrin
Hemophilia:
only _______ get this. _______
Must know it is related to a deficiency of _________ and causes ________
Hemophilia:
Pretty much only males get this. X linked
Must know it is related to a deficiency of factor VIII (8) and causes large vessel bleeding
Emboli:
Depends on ________, aka arteries will go to ________
Venous will go to ________.
Emboli:
Depends on origination site, aka arteries will go to brain/kidneys
Venous will go to lungs.
DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation
A trigger causes you to ________
You _________, you __________
Now you ____________.
DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation
A trigger causes you to clot everywhere
You clot too much, you run out of supplies (clotting factors)
Now you bleed everywhere.
__________ triggers clotting factors as well, but it plugs small vessels to that you start become ________ everywhere.
Septicemia triggers clotting factors as well, but it plugs small vessels to that you start become ischemic everywhere.
