Homeostasis/Heme

Question 1

Normal body temp = ________.

You gain heat from ________ and __________.

You lose heat from ________(4).

Answer 1

Normal body temp = 98.6F or 37C.

You gain heat from metabolic processes and the environment.

You lose heat from radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation.

Question 2

__________ can boost how much heat you lose.

___________: 60%, majority of heat loss.

Answer 2

Sympathetics can boost how much heat you lose.

Radiation: 60%, majority of heat loss. (radiating like the sun)

Question 3

__________: air currents.
_________: Touching an object or air

Answer 3

Convection: like an oven, air CURRENTS.
Conduction: Touching an object or air, like electricity.

Question 4

____________: sweat, also the main mechanism if it is too hot outside.

The overall regulator of temperature: _______

Answer 4

Evaporation: sweat, also the main mechanism if it is too hot outside.

The overall regulator of temperature: Hypothalamus

Question 5

When you sweat ___________ (like after a jog), you can ________ the sodium you normally ________.

When you sweat _________ (like in 120deg weather), you lose a lot of sodium. This is when things like ___________ help with people who are sweating A LOT

You can eventually _______ to sweating a lot without _____________.

Answer 5

When you sweat slowly (like after a jog), you can reabsorb the sodium you normally lose.

When you sweat profusely (like in 120deg weather), you lose a lot of sodium. This is when things like pedialyte/gatorade help with people who are sweating A LOT

You can eventually acclimate to sweating a lot without losing a lot of sodium.

Question 6

Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:
Too cold:

Answer 6

Too cold:
Shivering
Piloerection (goosebumps/hair)
Increased metabolic processes

Question 7

Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:
Too hot:

Answer 7

Too hot:
Vasodilation
Sweat
Slowing metabolic processes

Question 8

Overall, you are more sensitive to ______ than ______. _______x more receptors.

Fever: Increased set point within the
_________ due to endogenous ________, like_________ and ________.

Answer 8

Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation:

Overall, you are more sensitive to cold than hot. 10x more receptors.

Fever: Increased set point within the hypothalamus due to endogenous pyrogens, like IL-1 and IL-6.

Question 9

Do platelets have a nucleus?
What is the normal count?

Answer 9

No
Normal count: 150k-450k

Question 10

Platlets:
Low =
High =

Answer 10

Low = -penia
High = osis

Question 11

Platelets:
½ life = ________
Majority of plts are removed by the _______

Answer 11

½ life = 8-12 days
Majority of plts are removed by the SPLEEN

Question 12

Platelet Plugs Triggering factor:

Answer 12

Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall

Question 13

Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall makes PLTs _______ and cause them to leak _______, ________, and _________. Attracts more PLTs and __________ vessel to begin sealing it off

Answer 13

Exposed collagen from a damaged vascular wall. Makes PLTs sticky and cause them to leak vWF, ADP, and thromboxane A2. Attracts more PLTs and constricts vessel to begin sealing it off

Note: Platelet plugs are not a blood clot YET

Question 14

It only takes ________ seconds to make a platelet plug, but a ________ is formed when you start activating ________.

Generally your body is in an __________ state

Answer 14

It only takes 15-20 seconds to make a platelet plug, but a clot is formed when you start activating fibrin.

Generally your body is in an anticoagulant state

Note: Platelet plugs are not a blood clot YET

Question 15

Clotting Process:

1: A ruptured vessel/damaged blood cells trigger ____________.
Availability of _________ is the ____________

Answer 15

A ruptured vessel/damaged blood cells trigger prothrombin activator.
Availability of activator is the rate-limiting step.

Question 16

Clotting Process:

2: Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into __________.
Happens In the presence of sufficient _________
Prothrombin is made in the ______.

Answer 16

Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin.
Happens In the presence of sufficient Calcium ions
Prothrombin is made in the liver.

Question 17

Clotting Process:

3: Thrombin is what converts __________ to ___________.
__________ is made in the __________.

Answer 17

Thrombin is what converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Fibrinogen is also made in the liver.

Question 18

Clotting Process Pathways:
___________ = damage to wall triggers (PT is the lab to measure)
________ = damage to RBCs themselves (aPTT is the lab to measure

Answer 18

Pathways:
Extrinsic = damage to wall triggers (PT is the lab to measure)
Intrinsic = damage to RBCs themselves (aPTT is the lab to measure

Question 19

Anything that begins with pro or ends in gen is usually an ________ form.
Warfarin is a Vit K ___________. Vit K is needed to activate _____________.

Hence, ___________, ___________, __________ = tendency to bleed.

Answer 19

Anything that begins with pro or ends in gen is usually an inactivated form.
Warfarin is a Vit K antagonist. Vit K is needed to activate prothrombin (II).
Hence, Vit K deficiencies or warfarin or liver dz = tendency to bleed.

Question 20

Overall, liver disease affects _________ heavily.

Clotting is a _________ feedback process, aka it ____________

Answer 20

Overall, liver disease affects coagulation heavily.

Clotting is a positive feedback process, aka it increases more and more upon itself.

Question 21

General order of clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway:

Answer 21

General order of clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway:
3 + 7 = 10.

Tissue factor = 3

Question 22

Clotting intrinsic Pathway:

Answer 22

Intrinsic Pathway:
12, 11, 9, 8, 10

Question 23

Factor ______ is where the common pathway begins.

Common pathway:

Answer 23

Factor 10 is where the common pathway begins.

Common Pathway:
10 divided by 5 = 2 (prothrombin) and then you end with 1!

Question 24

Extrinsic is the _______ pathway in terms of numbers. You can remember it because you measure it with ______, which is less letters than ______.
You can remember extrinsic is _______ because you ___________________.

Answer 24

Extrinsic is the shorter pathway in terms of numbers. You can remember it because you measure it with PT, which is less letters than PTT.
You can remember extrinsic is PT because you play tennis OUTSIDE.

Question 25

You must know the difference between what lab measures what.

PT (Extrinsic):
Measures _____________ (AKA _____________ )

Answer 25

You must know the difference between what lab measures what.

PT (Extrinsic):
Measures 1, 2, 5, 7, 10 (AKA common pathway + extrinsic)

Question 26

You must know the difference between what lab measures what.

aPTT):
Measures _____________

Answer 26

You must know the difference between what lab measures what.

aPTT (Intrinsic):
Measure everything BESIDES factor 3 (which it is ironically named for)
Measures 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 (AKA common pathway + intrinsic)

Question 27

You must know that heparin works by amplifying __________ x____

Answer 27

You must know that heparin works by amplifying Antithrombin 3 100x

Question 28

The role of antithrombin 3 is _______ and__________ of ________. (Factor ___)

Answer 28

The role of antithrombin 3 is blocking and inactivation of thrombin. (Factor 2)

Question 29

Plasminogen, once it become ________, can eat ________

Answer 29

Plasminogen, once it become plasmin, can eat fibrin

Question 30

Hemophilia:

only _______ get this. _______

Must know it is related to a deficiency of _________ and causes ________

Answer 30

Hemophilia:

Pretty much only males get this. X linked

Must know it is related to a deficiency of factor VIII (8) and causes large vessel bleeding

Question 31

Emboli:
Depends on ________, aka arteries will go to ________
Venous will go to ________.

Answer 31

Emboli:
Depends on origination site, aka arteries will go to brain/kidneys
Venous will go to lungs.

Question 32

DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation
A trigger causes you to ________
You _________, you __________
Now you ____________.

Answer 32

DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation
A trigger causes you to clot everywhere
You clot too much, you run out of supplies (clotting factors)
Now you bleed everywhere.

Question 33

__________ triggers clotting factors as well, but it plugs small vessels to that you start become ________ everywhere.

Answer 33

Septicemia triggers clotting factors as well, but it plugs small vessels to that you start become ischemic everywhere.