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Med Phys Review Power Point > Cardio Pt 2 > Flashcards

Cardio Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

heart sounds are created by valve _______

A

Only thing to know probably is that heart sounds are created by valve CLOSURE

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2
Q

vagal maneuvers, which are used for a _______ arrhythmia.

Can increase or decrease _____________ heart muscle by ________

A

vagal maneuvers, which are used for a FAST arrhythmia.

Can DECREASE the STRENGTH of heart muscle by 20%-30%

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3
Q

closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid) is which heart sound

A

S1 = closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid)

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4
Q

closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) is which heart sound

A

S2 = closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) (S2 is end of systole)

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5
Q

S1 to S2 corresponds to ________

A

S1 to S2 corresponds to SYSTOLE

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6
Q

S2 to S1 corresponds to ____________

A

S2 to S1 corresponds to DIASTOLE

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7
Q

Coronary blood flow increases up to ________ in an adult from rest to max

A

4x

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8
Q

Rate Pressure Product (RPP) equation

A

HR x SBP = RPP

Rate almost always applies to HR
Pressure almost always applies to BP
Product is multiplication

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9
Q

________ blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants

A

LOCAL blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants

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10
Q

Organ that requires the MOST Blood:

A

Liver (27%) = 1350 mL/min

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11
Q

Organ that requires the 2nd MOST Blood:

A

Kidneys (22%) = 1100 mL/min

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12
Q

Other Organs that requires the a lot of Blood:

A

Muscles (15%) = 750 mL/min
Brain (14%) = 700 mL/min
Not as important to know the numbers

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13
Q

How to control acute blood flow?
How long does it take?
Via?

A

Local VASODILATION/CONSTRICTION of capillaries
Seconds to minutes to occur
Via Arterioles/metarterioles/capillary sphincters

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14
Q

How to control Long-term blood flow

A

More capillaries
Bigger capillaries

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15
Q

Hypoxia causes?
What does body want?
Vasodilators?

A

Hypoxia causes VASODILATION/VASCULARIZATION,
as your body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissue.
NO, Adenosine, CO2, histamine, Potassium, Hydrogen

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16
Q

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of ________, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by __________

A

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of SODIUM, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by MACULA DENSA

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17
Q

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is low = dilate _______ arterioles = _________ renal blood flow and GFR.

A

If Na is low = dilate AFFERENT arterioles = INCREASED renal blood flow and GFR.

(Afferent dilated because we need more blood because blood follows Na)

18
Q

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is high = dilate __________ arterioles = ___________ renal blood flow and GFR

A

If Na is high = dilate EFFERENT arterioles = DECREASED renal blood flow and GFR

(Efferent dilated because we are blood overloaded because blood follows Na)

19
Q

BRAIN blood flow
Your brain does not like excess _______ or _______.
It will _________ itself to get rid of ^

A

BRAIN
Your brain does not like excess CO2 or H+ (Acids)
It will dilate itself to get rid of ^

20
Q

SKIN blood flow
Mainly for ___________
____________ is used to reduce _________.
AKA more blood flow to skin = __________

A

SKIN
Mainly for heat LOSS/RETENTION
FLUSHING is used to reduce HEAT.
AKA more blood flow to skin = HEAT LOSS

21
Q

Nitric Oxide is an _________ derived factor that __________ smooth muscle when it penetrates

A

Nitric Oxide is an ENDOTHELIAL derived factor that VASODILATES smooth muscle when it penetrates

22
Q

Nitric Oxide
______ can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are ZOOMING past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets _______.

____________(vasoconstrictor), can release NO as a safety mechanism so _______ doesn’t overly constrict you.

A

Shear STRESS can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are zooming past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets WIDER.
ANGOITENSIN 2 (vasoconstrictor), can release it as a safety mechanism so AT2 doesn’t overly constrict you.
possibly via HTN

23
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Neovasularization

Making more capillaries/vascularity to match metabolic needs of tissues.

Seen in injured tissue, but also in cancer.

23
Q

How to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (Blood pressure)

A

MAP = DBP + ⅓(SBP-DBP). Very Important*

23
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is ___________ during exercise

A

LOWER

23
Q

How to calculate Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

A

TPR = MAP/CO

TPR = (DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP) / (SV x HR)

SV = EDV-ESV

23
Q

MAP is ____________ during exercise

A

HIGHER

24
Q

Pressure =

A

Pressure = Flow x Resistance

25
Q

Flow =

A

Flow = Cardiac Output = SV x HR

26
Q

Resistance =

A

Resistance = SVR = TPR = Systemic BP

27
Q

Ohm’s Law Equation

A

delta P = F x R
delta P = CO x R

28
Q

Blood flow is usually _________.
____________ occurs only when _________________, sharp turn, speed bump, or obstruction

A

Flow is usually LAMINAR (smooth/straight)
Turbulence occurs only when rate is too high, sharp turn, speed bump, obstruction

29
Q

What is the biggest factor in flow rate?
(it is to the POWER OF ___)

A

DIAMETER (or radius same thing) is the biggest factor in flow rate!!!! (it is to the POWER OF 4)
AKA increasing d from 1 to 2 = 16x more flow.

30
Q

flow is fastest with a ______ pressure gradient or having _______ resistance.

A

flow is FASTEST with a LARGE pressure gradient or having LOW resistance.
hose analogy

31
Q

Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance? Why?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins

A

Arterioles due to small lumen they DECREASE blood flow coming from arteries

32
Q

Arterioles face a ______ blood pressure, meaning they don’t need to be as ________. Arterioles account for most of the ___________ in circulation because they are more _________ than larger arteries.

A

Arterioles face a SMALLER blood pressure, meaning they don’t need to be as ELASTIC. Arterioles account for most of the RESISTANCE in circulation because they are more RIGID than larger arteries.

33
Q

Aortic Stenosis is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole

A

Aortic Stenosis is an AFTERLOAD issue during that take place during SYSTOLE

34
Q

Aortic Regurgitation is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole

A

Aortic Regurgitation is an PRELOAD issue during that take place during DIASTOLE

35
Q

Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is an

A

Estimate of Myocardial Work

36
Q

RPP =

A

RPP = SBP x HR

37
Q

During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is increased, up to _______

Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase ________

A

During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is dramatically increased, up to 20x

Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase 60x

Med Phys Review Power Point (12 decks)

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