Cardio Pt 2 Flashcards
heart sounds are created by valve _______
Only thing to know probably is that heart sounds are created by valve CLOSURE
vagal maneuvers, which are used for a _______ arrhythmia.
Can increase or decrease _____________ heart muscle by ________
vagal maneuvers, which are used for a FAST arrhythmia.
Can DECREASE the STRENGTH of heart muscle by 20%-30%
closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid) is which heart sound
S1 = closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid)
closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) is which heart sound
S2 = closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) (S2 is end of systole)
S1 to S2 corresponds to ________
S1 to S2 corresponds to SYSTOLE
S2 to S1 corresponds to ____________
S2 to S1 corresponds to DIASTOLE
Coronary blood flow increases up to ________ in an adult from rest to max
4x
Rate Pressure Product (RPP) equation
HR x SBP = RPP
Rate almost always applies to HR
Pressure almost always applies to BP
Product is multiplication
________ blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants
LOCAL blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants
Organ that requires the MOST Blood:
Liver (27%) = 1350 mL/min
Organ that requires the 2nd MOST Blood:
Kidneys (22%) = 1100 mL/min
Other Organs that requires the a lot of Blood:
Muscles (15%) = 750 mL/min
Brain (14%) = 700 mL/min
Not as important to know the numbers
How to control acute blood flow?
How long does it take?
Via?
Local VASODILATION/CONSTRICTION of capillaries
Seconds to minutes to occur
Via Arterioles/metarterioles/capillary sphincters
How to control Long-term blood flow
More capillaries
Bigger capillaries
Hypoxia causes?
What does body want?
Vasodilators?
Hypoxia causes VASODILATION/VASCULARIZATION,
as your body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissue.
NO, Adenosine, CO2, histamine, Potassium, Hydrogen
KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of ________, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by __________
KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of SODIUM, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by MACULA DENSA
KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is low = dilate _______ arterioles = _________ renal blood flow and GFR.
If Na is low = dilate AFFERENT arterioles = INCREASED renal blood flow and GFR.
(Afferent dilated because we need more blood because blood follows Na)
KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is high = dilate __________ arterioles = ___________ renal blood flow and GFR
If Na is high = dilate EFFERENT arterioles = DECREASED renal blood flow and GFR
(Efferent dilated because we are blood overloaded because blood follows Na)
BRAIN blood flow
Your brain does not like excess _______ or _______.
It will _________ itself to get rid of ^
BRAIN
Your brain does not like excess CO2 or H+ (Acids)
It will dilate itself to get rid of ^
SKIN blood flow
Mainly for ___________
____________ is used to reduce _________.
AKA more blood flow to skin = __________
SKIN
Mainly for heat LOSS/RETENTION
FLUSHING is used to reduce HEAT.
AKA more blood flow to skin = HEAT LOSS
Nitric Oxide is an _________ derived factor that __________ smooth muscle when it penetrates
Nitric Oxide is an ENDOTHELIAL derived factor that VASODILATES smooth muscle when it penetrates
Nitric Oxide
______ can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are ZOOMING past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets _______.
____________(vasoconstrictor), can release NO as a safety mechanism so _______ doesn’t overly constrict you.
Shear STRESS can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are zooming past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets WIDER.
ANGOITENSIN 2 (vasoconstrictor), can release it as a safety mechanism so AT2 doesn’t overly constrict you.
possibly via HTN
Angiogenesis
Neovasularization
Making more capillaries/vascularity to match metabolic needs of tissues.
Seen in injured tissue, but also in cancer.
How to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (Blood pressure)
MAP = DBP + ⅓(SBP-DBP). Very Important*
Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is ___________ during exercise
LOWER
How to calculate Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
TPR = MAP/CO
TPR = (DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP) / (SV x HR)
SV = EDV-ESV
MAP is ____________ during exercise
HIGHER
Pressure =
Pressure = Flow x Resistance
Flow =
Flow = Cardiac Output = SV x HR
Resistance =
Resistance = SVR = TPR = Systemic BP
Ohm’s Law Equation
delta P = F x R
delta P = CO x R
Blood flow is usually _________.
____________ occurs only when _________________, sharp turn, speed bump, or obstruction
Flow is usually LAMINAR (smooth/straight)
Turbulence occurs only when rate is too high, sharp turn, speed bump, obstruction
What is the biggest factor in flow rate?
(it is to the POWER OF ___)
DIAMETER (or radius same thing) is the biggest factor in flow rate!!!! (it is to the POWER OF 4)
AKA increasing d from 1 to 2 = 16x more flow.
flow is fastest with a ______ pressure gradient or having _______ resistance.
flow is FASTEST with a LARGE pressure gradient or having LOW resistance.
hose analogy
Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance? Why?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Arterioles due to small lumen they DECREASE blood flow coming from arteries
Arterioles face a ______ blood pressure, meaning they don’t need to be as ________. Arterioles account for most of the ___________ in circulation because they are more _________ than larger arteries.
Arterioles face a SMALLER blood pressure, meaning they don’t need to be as ELASTIC. Arterioles account for most of the RESISTANCE in circulation because they are more RIGID than larger arteries.
Aortic Stenosis is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole
Aortic Stenosis is an AFTERLOAD issue during that take place during SYSTOLE
Aortic Regurgitation is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole
Aortic Regurgitation is an PRELOAD issue during that take place during DIASTOLE
Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is an
Estimate of Myocardial Work
RPP =
RPP = SBP x HR
During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is increased, up to _______
Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase ________
During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is dramatically increased, up to 20x
Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase 60x
