Cardio PT 1

Question 1

Easy way to remember beta-1 vs beta-2:

Answer 1

1 heart vs 2 lungs.

Question 2

Beta blockers _______ cardiac contractility (negative inotropes), so a beta agonist ______ cardiac contractility.

Answer 2

Beta blockers REDUCE cardiac contractility (negative inotropes), so a beta agonist BOOSTS cardiac contractility.

Question 3

Differences between cardiac muscle
and skeletal muscle

Answer 3

Duration of contraction (cardiac is longer)

Functional syncytium: cells all connected via gap junctions. (still separate cells)

Syncytia (Atrial and Ventricular) separated by fibrous tissue around AV openings.

Additional channel: Ca-Na (slower but longer)

(Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle both have fast sodium channels)

Question 4

Primary pace maker?
controlled by?

Answer 4

SA node
Autonomic NS

Question 5

a class III antiarrythmic agent that prolongs phase 3 of the cardiac action potential, the REPOLARIZATION phase where there is normally decreased calcium permeability and increased potassium permeability

Answer 5

Amnioderone

Question 6

Slows down the conduction of electrical activity within the heart by blocking the calcium channel during the PLATEAU phase of the action potential of the heart

Answer 6

CCB

Question 7

reduces HR (parasympathetic)
used to treat a fast HR called SVT

Answer 7

Vagal stimulation
Vagus nerve = parasympathetic = rest & digest

Question 8

During isovolumic, only thing changing is

Answer 8

PRESSURE (volume does not change)

Question 9

The purpose of valves is to prevent

Answer 9

BACKFLOW

Question 10

The purpose of chordae tendineae is to

Answer 10

prevent over bulging/prolapse

Question 11

Pressures during diastole:
Ventricles
Atria

Answer 11

Ventricles have LOWER pressure.
Atria have HIGHER pressure.

Question 12

A-V Valve opening
Once pressure in the _______ builds up enough, we open the valve.
Once the valve is open, we fill up our _______

Answer 12

A-V Valve opening
Once pressure in the ATRIA builds up enough, we open the valve.
Once the valve is open, we fill up our LV

Question 13

Period of rapid filling what valve opens?
Systole or Diastole?

Answer 13

A-V Valve opening
Diastole

Question 14

Pressures during Systole:
Ventricles
Atria

Answer 14

Ventricles have HIGHER pressure.
Atria have LOWER pressure.

Question 15

Once pressure in the LV builds up enough (____________), we open the __________

Answer 15

Semilunar Valve opening
Once pressure in the LV builds up enough (ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION), we open the SEMILUNAR VALVE.

Question 16

Once we hit right above ________mmHg in the LV then the ______________
Majority of your blood (_____%) is ejected QUICKLY (_____ time), which is the period of rapid ejection.
Rest takes _____ time for the period of slow ejection.

Answer 16

Once we hit right above 80 in the LV, semilunar valves open.
Majority of your blood (70%) is ejected QUICKLY (⅓ time), which is the period of rapid ejection.
Rest takes ⅔ time for the period of slow ejection.

Question 17

Once your LV is done squeezing, it ________, so LV pressure _______ and the semilunar valve closes. (_____________)

Answer 17

Closing of the Semilunar Valves
Once your LV is done squeezing, it relaxes, so LV pressure DROPS and the semilunar valve closes. (Isovolumic relaxation)

Question 18

What is the pressure of the LV and LA during Systole

Answer 18

LV = high, LA = low

Question 19

Average Cardiac Output =
Cardiac output equation =

Answer 19

5L/min
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Question 20

Average Stroke Volume =

Answer 20

70 mL/beat

Question 21

Ejection Fraction (EF) =

Answer 21

((EDV - ESV) / EDV) x 100 = EF
How much blood did you pump out compared to what you started with.

Question 22

End systolic volume/ESV =

Answer 22

the volume at the END of systole (50 mL)

Question 23

Stroke volume/SV =

Answer 23

the volume EJECTED out of the LV during systole (70 mL)

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume = SV

Question 24

End diastolic volume/EDV =

Answer 24

the volume at the END of diastole (120 mL)

EDV = SV + ESV?

Question 25

Distinction between Ejection Fraction and Stroke Volume

Answer 25

you can have a small Stroke Volume, but Ejection Fraction normal if your End Diastolic Volume was low to start with.

Question 26

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume =

Answer 26

Stroke Volume

Question 27

((End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume) / End Diastolic Volume) x 100 =

((120ml - 50ml) /120) x 100 =

Answer 27

Ejection Fraction (usually = about 60%)

58% EF

Question 28

Ejection Fraction

Answer 28

((End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume) / End Diastolic Volume) x 100 = EF

Question 29

EDV of 150 mL
ESV of 50 mL
What is the SV?
What is the EF?

Answer 29

SV = EDV - ESV = 150 - 50 = 100 mL
EF = (EDV-ESV)/EDV x 100

EF = (150-50)/150 x 100 = 66%

Question 30

Fick equation

Answer 30

FICK = VO2 = CO x (aO2-vO2)

Orrrrr

CO = VO2 / (Ca -Cv)

Cardiac output = O2 consumption in milliliters of pure gaseous oxygen per minute / (O2 content of arterial blood - O2 content of mixed Venus blood)

Question 31

250 ml/min = 5000ml/min x 5 ml O2/100ml bid (.05ml)

Answer 31

Fick

Question 32

Starling’s Law, Preload, & Afterload

Answer 32

the more blood that flows into the heart, the more it will pump out.

Question 33

increasing preload or EDV means increaseing how much blood _______ the heart.
If you increase preload, then your stroke volume should _________.

Answer 33

increasing preload or EDV means increasing how much blood ENTERS the heart.
If you increase preload, then your stroke volume should increase.

Question 34

EDV and Venous return is ___________
increasing EDV and Venous return is (increasing or decreasing) ___________

Answer 34

Preload
Increases Preload

Question 35

Things that increase preload

Answer 35

Muscle pump (standing up)
Respiratory pump (inspiration = negative pressure) (lungs like vacuum for blood (pressure goes down, volume increases))
Venoconstriction (Increased venous return) (hose squeezing)
Dynamic work (Running) (relaxed)

Question 36

Systemic Blood Pressure is

Answer 36

Afterload

Question 37

Things that increase Afterload

Answer 37

SBP
Aortic stenosis (or HTN)
Arteriosclerosis
Static work (Weight lifting) (tensed up)

Question 38

Anything that increase venous return to the heart = increases afterload or preload

Answer 38

preload

Question 39

Anything that increases your BP, aka the resistance you must overcome during systole = increases afterload or preload

Answer 39

afterload

Question 40

Concentric = ______ biceps
Eccentric = ______ biceps

Answer 40

Concentric = Curling biceps,
Eccentric = Extending biceps

Question 41

Do these increase preload or afterload primarily

Shoveling Snow
Running
Standing up
Taking a deep breath in
Lifting weights at the gym

Answer 41

Shoveling Snow = Increases Afterload
Running = Increases Preload
Standing up = Increases Preload
Taking a deep breath in = Increases Preload
Lifting weights at the gym = Increases Afterload

Question 42

Preload is increased by things that increase ______.
Afterload is increased by things that increase _____________.

Answer 42

Venous Return

resistance after the aorta.

Question 43

HR, SV, CO is increased by sympathetic or parasympathetics

Answer 43

sympathetics

Question 44

STOKE VOLUME is highlighted bc __________ mainly affect the

Answer 44

SV is highlighted bc SYMPATHETICS mainly affect the VENTRICLES

Question 45

Parasympathetics mainly affect the ______

Answer 45

Parasympathetics mainly affect the ATRIA
Ex: Slowing HR