Endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine: gland =>
Paracrine: cells = >
Autocrine: cells =>
Cytokines: Cells =>

Answer 1

Endocrine: gland => Blood => organ
Paracrine: cells = > neighbors (cascades)
Autocrine: cells => itself
Cytokines: Cells => any of above 3 actions

Question 2

Endocrine regulates:
Secreted by 3 organs:

Answer 2

Endocrine regulates:
Metabolism
Growth & Development
Water & electrolyte balance
Reproduction
Behavior

Secreted by 3 organs:
Pituitary (both parts)
Pancreas (insulin/glucagon)
Parathyroid (PTH)

Question 3

The precursor to many steroid hormones is _________.
Forms _______________________.
Is it Fat soluble?
Is it stored?

Answer 3

The precursor to many steroid hormones is cholesterol.
Forms Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
Fat soluble, not stored.

Question 4

The precursor to thyroid hormones & ___________ hormones is ________. It Forms ___________ stored by ___________.
________________

Answer 4

The precursor to thyroid hormones & adrenal medulla hormones is tyrosine.
T4 and T3, which are stored by thyroglobulin.
Adrenal medulla secretes 4xEpi (Primary) vs NE

Question 5

GH works DIRECTLY on.
GH works INDIRECTLY on

Answer 5

GH works DIRECTLY on adipose tissue and the liver.
GH works INDIRECTLY on metabolism via somatomedins, which promote skeletal growth and protein synthesis.

Question 6

The release of GH is stimulated by:

Answer 6

The release of GH is stimulated by: Hypothalamus triggers pituitary gland to release GH
Starvation
Hypoglycemia
Low concentrations of serum FAs
Exercise
Excitement
Trauma
GHRELIN (when you’re hungry, you’re Grouchy)
Early part of sleep

Question 7

Thyroid Hormone
T4 & T3:
___________:
Hyperthyroidism:
Hypothyroidism:

Answer 7

T4 & T3: Increase body metabolic rate by speeding up reactions.

Calcitonin: Lowers Serum Ca by depositing it onto bones. Toning down calcium.

Hyperthyroidism: Think of someone excited and heated up.

Hypothyroidism: Think of someone cold, low energy, fatigued.

Question 8

Would you expect someone with mood swings, insomnia, jitteriness and heat sensitivity to have increased or decreased thyroid hormones?

Answer 8

Increased

Question 9

Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Mnemonic for the layers: Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex

Answer 9

Mnemonic for the layers: Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex

Glomerulosa (Mineralcorticoids)
Fasciculata (Glucocorticoids)
Reticularis (Sex Hormones/androgens)

Question 10

Aldosterone is a __________, regulated by _____and ______ levels. Aldosterone boosts ________ in exchange for getting rid of __________. Helps control balance of ________.

Answer 10

Aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid (Adrenal cortex hormone), regulated by AT2 and K+ levels. Aldosterone boosts Na reabsorption in exchange for getting rid of K and H+. Helps Control balance of water and salts.

Question 11

Cortisol is a __________. Think _________________, which lower ________

Answer 11

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid (Adrenal cortex hormones). Think hydrocortisone cream or corticosteroids like prednisone, which lower inflammation

Question 12

Adrenal medulla:
Parathyroid:
Pancreas: Insulin = ________, glucagon = _________
Testes:
Ovaries:

Answer 12

Adrenal medulla: Epi & NE, aka your adrenaline/sympathetic stimulators.
Parathyroid: PTH, which does the opposite of calcitonin. PTH boosts serum Ca.
Pancreas: Insulin = LOWERS BG (think DM), glucagon = boosts glucose
Testes: Testosterone
Ovaries: Estrogen & progesterone (Estrogen enhances, progesterone maintains)

Question 13

Kidney

Answer 13

Kidney
Renin: First part of the RAAS, converting angiotensinogen to AT1
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Helps you absorb Ca from your diet
Erythropoietin: MC known as EPO. (Think blood doping, boosting RBCs)

Question 14

Heart:
Stomach:
Pancreas: Secretin = _________, Cholecystokinin (CCK) = ______________
Adipocytes: __________ by _________

Answer 14

Heart: Anti Natriuretic Peptide increases sodium excretion by kidneys, unrelated - reduces BP
Stomach: gastrin makes more gastric acid by stimulating HCl secretion from parietal cells
Pancreas: Secretin = secrete water and bicarb (good body pH). CCK = gallbladder contraction d/t fats and proteins (gallbladder is to emulsify fats) and Insulin/Glucagon
Adipocytes: LEPTIN KEEPS YOU LEAN (inhibits appetite, opposite of ghrelin) by increasing thermogenesis

Question 15

Hormone Characteristics
Easiest way is to assume everything you don’t remember is a ______.
Steroids:
Amines:

Answer 15

Hormone Characteristics
Easiest way is to assume everything you don’t remember is a peptide.
Steroids: Derived from cholesterol, including Cortisol, Aldosterone, any androgen, and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Amines: Tyrosine derivatives, aka Epi, NE, dopamine, and T3/T4

Question 16

Hormone Characteristics
To remember how far each one gets into a cell:
Thyroid hormones ______________, so they work ___________.
Steroids are a derivative of ____________, so they can _____________.
Everything else gets works ____________.
Note: Outside of thyroid and steroids, the rest are _______. This means thyroid and steroids tend to ___________.

Answer 16

To remember how far each one gets into a cell:
Thyroid hormones boost all reactions, so they work even deep inside a cell.
Steroids are a derivative of cholesterol, so they can pass through a cell membrane.
Everything else gets works on the membrane itself.
Note: Outside of thyroid and steroids, the rest are water-soluble. This means thyroid and steroids tend to last longer in the body.

Question 17

Insulin basics:
Secreted by _______ in the __________, squished in between ___________ in the _______
A B C chains when in __________ form.

How can we tell human insulin from synthetic?
We measure___________ to check how much insulin is endogenous.

Answer 17

Insulin basics:
Secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, squished in between acini cells in the pancreas
A B C chains when in proinsulin form.

We measure C peptide amounts to check how much insulin is endogenous.

Question 18

Insulin Release
Why does high BG trigger insulin?
1. _______ BG triggers _______, which have ________.
2. The more glucose, the more ______.
3. The more ATP, the more ________________.
4. Once enough channels are ______, we ___________ and ____ channels ______, triggering _________.

Answer 18

1. High BG triggers beta cells, which have GLUT-2 channels.
2. The more glucose, the more ATP.
3. The more ATP, the more ATP-K+ channels we can close.
4. Once enough channels are closed, we depolarize the beta cell and Ca channels open, triggering insulin release.

Question 19

Insulin Effect
How does insulin cause glucose to enter a cell?
1. Glucose naturally enters cells via_______
2. _______ binds to the outside _______ of its receptor, activating the inside ______.
3. Beta units activate a __________.
4. ____ activates the rest of the _________, one of which activates ________, which bring in more ______.

Answer 19

1. Glucose naturally enters cells via GLUT-1, but not very fast.
2. Insulin binds to the outside alpha unit of its receptor, activating the inside beta unit.
3. Beta units activate a tyrosine kinase
4. TK activates the rest of the insulin receptor substrates, one of which activates GLUT-4 channels, which bring in more glucose.

Question 20

4 things decrease insulin secretion:

Answer 20

4 things decrease insulin secretion:
Low BG
Fasting
Leptin
Exercise

Question 21

Hormone Receptors
On surface of cell:
In cell Cytoplasm:
In cell Nucleus:
G Protein linked Hormone receptor examples?

Answer 21

On surface of cell: Protein, peptide, catecholamines
In cell Cytoplasm: steroids
In cell Nucleus: thyroid T3/T4 only

ACTH
Glucagon
Catacholamines
TSH
LH
FSH
Angiotensin II

Question 22

Beta cells secrete:
Alpha Cells Secrete:
Where are they located?
Functional insulin is how many amino acid chains?
RNA translation makes?

Answer 22

Beta cells secrete: Insulin
Alpha Cells Secrete: Glucagon
Islet of Langerhans
2
Proinsulin 3 chains

Question 23

Effects of insulin

Answer 23

Promotes muscle glucose uptake and metabolism
Promotes liver uptake, storage, and use of glucose
Promotes conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids
Promotes fat synthesis
Promotes Protein synthesis and storage
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 24

Factors that increase insulin secretion:

Answer 24

High Blood Glucose
High free fatty acids
GI hormones (gastric, secretin, etc)
Parasympathetic stimulation
Insulin resistance; Obesity
Sulfonylurea drugs like Ozempic and Victoza