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Gcse Biology > Homeostasis COPY > Flashcards

Homeostasis COPY Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

Detect and react to stimuli

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

In mammals how is the CNS connected to the body

A

By sensory neurones and motor neurones

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4
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

The neurons that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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5
Q

What are motor neurones

A

The neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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6
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles or glands that respond to nervous impulses

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7
Q

What are receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli

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8
Q

What do effectors do

A

Respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change

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9
Q

What do muscles do in response to nervous impulses

A

Contract

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10
Q

What do glands do

A

Secrete hormones

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11
Q

Why do the cells in you body need to be kept at the right temperature

A
  • so enzymes work

- and so cells function properly

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12
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection between 2 neurones

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13
Q

How do chemicals move across a synapse

A

By diffusion

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14
Q

When chemicals move across a synapse what do the chemicals do next

A

Set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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15
Q

What are reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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16
Q

What do the neurones in a reflex arc go through

A

The spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain

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17
Q

When a stimulus is detected by receptors in a relay neurone what happens

A

Impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a really neurone in the CNS

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18
Q

Why are relay neurones good

A

They prevent you from harm and are quicker

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19
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers released directly into the blood to reach their target cells

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20
Q

What are hormones produced in and secreted by

A

Endocrine glands

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21
Q

What do endocrine glands make up

A

The endocrine system

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22
Q

what are receptors

A

cells that detect stimuli

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23
Q

give 2 examples of effectors

A

muscle and gland

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24
Q

what do muscles do

A

contract

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25
Q

what do glands do

A

secrete hormones

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26
Q

what is a synapse

A

a connection between 2 neurons

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27
Q

how do nerve signals travel across a synapse

A

by diffusion

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28
Q

what are reflexes

A

rapid, automatic responses that bypass the brain and s not a conscious action

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29
Q

what is the pituitary gland sometimes called

A

the master gland

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30
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

produces many hormones that regulate body conditions, and the hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change

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31
Q

describe day 1 menstruation

A

menstruation starts-the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

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32
Q

describe day 2 menstruation

A

the uterus lining builds up again- from day 4-14 into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg

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33
Q

describe day 3 menstruation

A

an egg develops and is released- from the ovary at day 14- this is called OVULATION

34
Q

describe day 4 menstruation

A

the wall is then maintained- for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed n the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again

35
Q

what 4 hormones is the menstruation controlled by

A
  • FSH
  • OESTROGEN
  • LH
  • PROGESTERONE
36
Q

where is FSH produced

A

pituitary gland

37
Q

what does FSH do

A
  • causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a structure called a follicle
  • stimulates the varies to produce OESTROGEN
38
Q

where is oestrogen produced

A

ovaries

39
Q

what does oestrogen do

A
  • causes the lining of the uterus to grow

- stimulates the release of LH (which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits FSH release

40
Q

where is LH produced

A

pituitary gland

41
Q

what does LH do

A

-stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)

42
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation

43
Q

what does progesterone do

A

-maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle, when the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down

44
Q

what does progesterone inhibit the release of

A

FSH and LH

45
Q

what are non-hormonal forms of contraception designed to do

A

stop the sperm from getting to the egg

46
Q

why are condoms good

A
  • stop sperm reaching egg

- protect against STDs

47
Q

what is a diaphragm

A
  • a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix (entrance to the uterus)- it has to be used with a SPERMICIDE (a substance that kills sperm)
48
Q

what is sterilisation

A

it involves cutting or tying the fallopian tubes (which connect the ovaries to the uterus) in a female, or the sperm duct (the tube between the testes and the penis) in a male. this is a PERMANENT solution, there is a very small chance that they can rejoin

49
Q

what is natural methods of contraception

A

avoiding sexual intercourse when most fertile- not very effective

50
Q

what 2 hormones are found in the contraceptive pill

A

oestrogen and progesterone

51
Q

how effective is the pill

A

over 99% effective

52
Q

how does oestrogen prevent pregnancy in the pill

A

if oestrogen is taken everyday it keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, it stops eggs maturing or being produced

53
Q

what type of contraceptive is the pill

A

oral

54
Q

what does the contraceptive patch contain

A

oestrogen and progesterone

55
Q

what is the contraceptive patch

A

a 5X5 patch that is stuck to the stick- it lasts up to 1 week

56
Q

why is the contraceptive pill not good

A

it does not protect against STDs and can have side effects such as: headaches and nausea

57
Q

what is he implant

A

-it is inserted under the arm and releases a continuous amount of PROGESTERONE, which stops the ovaries releasing eggs, makes it hard for the sperm to swim to the egg and stops any fertilising egg implanting in the uterus

58
Q

how long does the implant usually last for

A

3 years

59
Q

what is a intrauterine device (IUD)

A

a T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg

60
Q

what are the 2 types of IUDs

A
  • copper IUDs- prevent the sperm surviving in the uterus

- plastic IUDs- release progesterone

61
Q

what does the contraceptive injection contain

A

progesterone and and each does lasts 2-3 months

62
Q

what is abstinence

A

not having sexual intercourse at all- the only way to make sure sperm does not reach an egg

63
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

where the pancreas produces little or no insulin- this means that a person’s blood glucose level can rise to a level and kill them

64
Q

type 1 diabetes- what is insulin therapy

A

-insulin therapy- this involves several injections of insulin- this makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting too high

65
Q

what does the amount of insulin injected in a person depend on

A

depends on a person’s diet and how active they are

66
Q

what 3 things do type 1 diabetic people need

A

insulin therapy, limiting the intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates and regular exercise

67
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

68
Q

what can increase your chance of getting type 2 diabetes

A

being overweight and obesity

69
Q

what is type 2 diabetes controlled by

A

eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise

70
Q

describe 3 things about nerves

A
  • have very fast reaction
  • act for a short time
  • act on a very precise area
71
Q

what does eating carbohydrates do

A

it puts glucose into the blood from the gut

72
Q

what does the normal metabolism of cells do

A

removes glucose from the blood

73
Q

how can you remove lots of glucose from the blood

A

vigorous exercise

74
Q

what can excess glucose be stored as

A

glycogen in the liver and in the muscles

75
Q

what is added when blood glucose it TOO HIGH

A

insulin

76
Q

what is added when blood glucose is TOO LOW

A

glucagon

77
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas produces little or no insulin

78
Q

what do people with type 1 diabetes need

A

insulin therapy, limiting the intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates, regular exercise

79
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

80
Q

what can increase your chance of getting type 2 diabetes

A

obesity and being overweight

81
Q

what can type 2 diabetes be controlled by

A

regular exercise and eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet

Gcse Biology (8 decks)

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