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Gcse Biology > Homeostasis COPY > Flashcards

Homeostasis COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

Detect and react to stimuli

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

In mammals how is the CNS connected to the body

A

By sensory neurones and motor neurones

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4
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

The neurons that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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5
Q

What are motor neurones

A

The neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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6
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles or glands that respond to nervous impulses

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7
Q

What are receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli

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8
Q

What do effectors do

A

Respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change

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9
Q

What do muscles do in response to nervous impulses

A

Contract

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10
Q

What do glands do

A

Secrete hormones

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11
Q

Why do the cells in you body need to be kept at the right temperature

A
  • so enzymes work

- and so cells function properly

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12
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection between 2 neurones

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13
Q

How do chemicals move across a synapse

A

By diffusion

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14
Q

When chemicals move across a synapse what do the chemicals do next

A

Set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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15
Q

What are reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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16
Q

What do the neurones in a reflex arc go through

A

The spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain

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17
Q

When a stimulus is detected by receptors in a relay neurone what happens

A

Impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a really neurone in the CNS

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18
Q

Why are relay neurones good

A

They prevent you from harm and are quicker

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19
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers released directly into the blood to reach their target cells

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20
Q

What are hormones produced in and secreted by

A

Endocrine glands

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21
Q

What do endocrine glands make up

A

The endocrine system

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22
Q

what are receptors

A

cells that detect stimuli

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23
Q

give 2 examples of effectors

A

muscle and gland

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24
Q

what do muscles do

A

contract

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25
what do glands do
secrete hormones
26
what is a synapse
a connection between 2 neurons
27
how do nerve signals travel across a synapse
by diffusion
28
what are reflexes
rapid, automatic responses that bypass the brain and s not a conscious action
29
what is the pituitary gland sometimes called
the master gland
30
what does the pituitary gland do
produces many hormones that regulate body conditions, and the hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change
31
describe day 1 menstruation
menstruation starts-the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
32
describe day 2 menstruation
the uterus lining builds up again- from day 4-14 into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg
33
describe day 3 menstruation
an egg develops and is released- from the ovary at day 14- this is called OVULATION
34
describe day 4 menstruation
the wall is then maintained- for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed n the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again
35
what 4 hormones is the menstruation controlled by
- FSH - OESTROGEN - LH - PROGESTERONE
36
where is FSH produced
pituitary gland
37
what does FSH do
- causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a structure called a follicle - stimulates the varies to produce OESTROGEN
38
where is oestrogen produced
ovaries
39
what does oestrogen do
- causes the lining of the uterus to grow | - stimulates the release of LH (which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits FSH release
40
where is LH produced
pituitary gland
41
what does LH do
-stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)
42
where is progesterone produced
in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
43
what does progesterone do
-maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle, when the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down
44
what does progesterone inhibit the release of
FSH and LH
45
what are non-hormonal forms of contraception designed to do
stop the sperm from getting to the egg
46
why are condoms good
- stop sperm reaching egg | - protect against STDs
47
what is a diaphragm
- a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix (entrance to the uterus)- it has to be used with a SPERMICIDE (a substance that kills sperm)
48
what is sterilisation
it involves cutting or tying the fallopian tubes (which connect the ovaries to the uterus) in a female, or the sperm duct (the tube between the testes and the penis) in a male. this is a PERMANENT solution, there is a very small chance that they can rejoin
49
what is natural methods of contraception
avoiding sexual intercourse when most fertile- not very effective
50
what 2 hormones are found in the contraceptive pill
oestrogen and progesterone
51
how effective is the pill
over 99% effective
52
how does oestrogen prevent pregnancy in the pill
if oestrogen is taken everyday it keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, it stops eggs maturing or being produced
53
what type of contraceptive is the pill
oral
54
what does the contraceptive patch contain
oestrogen and progesterone
55
what is the contraceptive patch
a 5X5 patch that is stuck to the stick- it lasts up to 1 week
56
why is the contraceptive pill not good
it does not protect against STDs and can have side effects such as: headaches and nausea
57
what is he implant
-it is inserted under the arm and releases a continuous amount of PROGESTERONE, which stops the ovaries releasing eggs, makes it hard for the sperm to swim to the egg and stops any fertilising egg implanting in the uterus
58
how long does the implant usually last for
3 years
59
what is a intrauterine device (IUD)
a T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg
60
what are the 2 types of IUDs
- copper IUDs- prevent the sperm surviving in the uterus | - plastic IUDs- release progesterone
61
what does the contraceptive injection contain
progesterone and and each does lasts 2-3 months
62
what is abstinence
not having sexual intercourse at all- the only way to make sure sperm does not reach an egg
63
what is type 1 diabetes
where the pancreas produces little or no insulin- this means that a person's blood glucose level can rise to a level and kill them
64
type 1 diabetes- what is insulin therapy
-insulin therapy- this involves several injections of insulin- this makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting too high
65
what does the amount of insulin injected in a person depend on
depends on a person's diet and how active they are
66
what 3 things do type 1 diabetic people need
insulin therapy, limiting the intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates and regular exercise
67
what is type 2 diabetes
where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
68
what can increase your chance of getting type 2 diabetes
being overweight and obesity
69
what is type 2 diabetes controlled by
eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise
70
describe 3 things about nerves
- have very fast reaction - act for a short time - act on a very precise area
71
what does eating carbohydrates do
it puts glucose into the blood from the gut
72
what does the normal metabolism of cells do
removes glucose from the blood
73
how can you remove lots of glucose from the blood
vigorous exercise
74
what can excess glucose be stored as
glycogen in the liver and in the muscles
75
what is added when blood glucose it TOO HIGH
insulin
76
what is added when blood glucose is TOO LOW
glucagon
77
what is type 1 diabetes
when the pancreas produces little or no insulin
78
what do people with type 1 diabetes need
insulin therapy, limiting the intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates, regular exercise
79
what is type 2 diabetes
when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
80
what can increase your chance of getting type 2 diabetes
obesity and being overweight
81
what can type 2 diabetes be controlled by
regular exercise and eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet

Gcse Biology (8 decks)

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