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BioH111 > homeostasis, cell organisation and the function of specific organelles > Flashcards

homeostasis, cell organisation and the function of specific organelles Flashcards

1
Q

definition of homeostasis

A

condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment produces by the interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes

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2
Q

dynamic process

A

able to maintain the internal environment with specific physiological limits by responding to the changing conditions

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

is able to respond to both internal and external environment disruptions

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4
Q

control of homeostasis

A

homeostasis = regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system.
act together or indeed gently using feedback systems

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5
Q

feedback systems - nervous

A

nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption; rapid change

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6
Q

feedback systems - endocrine

A

regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones; slow change

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7
Q

how may cell types are there

A

200

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8
Q

smallest cell type

A

sperm (5-6 micrometres)

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9
Q

largest cell type

A

ovum 120-150 Micrometres

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10
Q

what are the two shapes in cellular diversity

A

round - red blood cell

elongated - smooth muscle cell

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11
Q

Cytoplasm
what is it?
what are the two components

A

cellular contact between plasma membrane & nucleus

2 components

  • cytosol
  • organelles
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12
Q

cytosol
what is it?
structure?
function?

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

55% total cell volume - water, ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, AP and waste products
(WIG AF PL AP W)

CONTAINS CYTOSKELETON (network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol

it is the sit of chemical reactions (glycolysis)

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13
Q

cytoskeleton

what are the three protein filament systems

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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14
Q

microfilaments

  • structure
  • function
A

S - thinnest filaments
actin and myosin
edge of cell

F - generate movement
mechanical support

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15
Q

intermediate filaments

  • Structure
  • function
A

S - intermediate size
several different types of proteins

F- stabilise position of organelles
attach cells to one another

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16
Q

microtubules

  • structure
  • function
A

S - largest in size
protein tubular
long hollow tubes

F - determine cell shape
movement of organelles

  • also make up cylindrical centrioles in centrosome*
  • also make up cilia and flagella*
17
Q

Organelles (in cytoplasm)

- definition

A

specialised structures with characteristic shape and specific functions

18
Q

Organelles cont.

A
  • organelles have own set of enzymes. carry out specific reactions

numbers and types vary

cooperate to maintain homeostasis

19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

  • structure
  • function
A

TWO TYPES
smooth & rough

ROUGH
s - continuous with nuclear membrane
network of membrane enclosed sacs
studded with RIBOSOMES

f -
protein synthesis
phospholipid synthesis

SMOOTH
S - extends from rough ER
network of membrane tubules

f -
synthesises fatty acids and steroids
inactivates / detoxifies drugs
stores / releases calcium ions (muscle cell)

20
Q

Ribosomes

structure & function

A 
S - 
2 subunits (leg / sml) 
synthesised in nucleolus 
constructed in cytoplasm 
attached to nuclear membrane, rough ER, within mitochondria or free in cytosol

f - site of protein synthesis

21
Q

Golgi complex

structure & function

A

S - 3-20 small stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)

f - modify, sort, package proteins into vesicles for transport
(to different destinations)

destinations inc - membrane vesicle, transport vesicle and secretory vesicle.

22
Q

processing and packaging proteins in golgi complex
how many steps are there?

summarise steps

A

9 steps STECEM SMO

1 - protein synthesised by ribosome
2 - transport vesicle to GC
3 - contents released in GC (entry face)
4 - proteins move from entry face to cisterna. proteins modified. transfer ves move enzymes to entry/exit face
5 - move to exit face
6 - proteins further modified, sorted and packaged
7 - some proteins sorted into secretory and exported from cell
8 - some proteins sorted into membrane vesicle and incorporated into plasma membrane
9 - some proteins sorted in transport vesicles and carried out to other organelles

23
Q

Mitochondria

structure & funciton

A

S - double membrane bound organelle.
outer membrane is smooth
inner arranged into folds and called cristae

F - site of cellular ATP production (cellular respiration)
powerhouse of cell

24
Q

proteasome

structure & function

A

s - barrel shaped structure consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core
controls proteases

f - destruction of unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

25
Q

Lysosome

structure & funciton

A

s - membrane enclosed vesicle
formed from GC
container digestive and hydrolytic enzymes

f - digestion of endocytic vesicles
recycle worn out cell structure (autophagy)

26
Q

Peroxisomes

structure and function

A

s - small membrane enclosed organelles
similarly in structure to lysosome but smaller
contain multiple enzymes

f - oxidise amino and fatty acids
detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and free radicals

27
Q

centrosome

structure and function

A

s - specialised structure composed of 2 cylindrical centrioles
centrioles composed of microtubules

f - growth of mitotic spindle in cell division
microtubule formation

28
Q

Cilia and flagella

structure and functions

A

S - motile projections of cell surface that are composed of microtubules

f - CILIA
move materials across surface of cell

FLAGELLA
move entire cell (sperm)

29
Q

Nucleus

general structure & function

A

GS - spherical or oval shaped prominent structure
may be present singularity or in multiples

f - controls cellular structure 
directs cellular activity 
produces ribosomes (nucleolus)
30
Q

nucleus - associated structures (3)

A

Nuclear envelope
- double membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm

nuclear pores

  • openings that extend through nuclear envelope
  • control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus
- spherical body containing DNA, RNA and protein

31
Q

DNA - deoxy-ribonucleic acid

A

molecules composed of 2 strands twisted around each other to form double helix

each strand composed of nucleotides - nitrogen-containing nucelobasis

32
Q

what paired nucleotides make up each strand of DNA

A

AT & CG organised into chromosomes

adenine & thymine
Cytosine & guanine

genetic information carried by DNA is contained on genes

33
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • long molecule of DNA coiled together with HISTONES (proteins)
  • present in non-dividing cell as chromatin (diffuse, granular mass)
  • dividing cell. Dan replicated loops condense forming pair of chromatids
34
Q

somatic cell has how many chromosomes?

A

46.

23 pairs

BioH111 (15 decks)

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